Living rooms are no longer just a space for casual seating or entertaining guests—they have become the soul of a home, reflecting personality, lifestyle, and taste. As 2023 unfolds, interior design trends are steering towards bold, dynamic, and multifunctional spaces that blend aesthetics with practicality. One of the key directions this year is the adoption of brighter and more vibrant colour palettes. While previous years emphasized soft, neutral, or earthy tones, 2023 invites homeowners to experiment with lively hues that bring energy and warmth to their living spaces. Rich shades of chrome yellow, rust red, deep blues, and sophisticated greys are gaining prominence. These colours not only add a striking visual appeal but also help define distinct areas within open-plan spaces.
For those hesitant to embrace a fully vibrant scheme, a subtle approach can be equally effective. Adding pops of colour through decor, cushions, curtains, or area rugs can enliven an otherwise neutral room without overwhelming the senses. Accent pieces allow flexibility, enabling homeowners to update the colour scheme seasonally or according to changing tastes. Incorporating bright tones strategically enhances the visual interest and creates focal points, drawing attention to the room’s architectural features or cherished furniture pieces.
Another major shift in living room design this year is the growing preference for open layouts. Open-plan living continues to dominate interior design, offering a sense of spaciousness and fluidity. By minimizing rigid boundaries between the living room, dining area, and kitchen, spaces feel larger and more inviting. Semi-open layouts are emerging as a practical solution, allowing flexibility while maintaining distinct zones. Decorative partitions using fluted glass panels, intricately carved wooden screens, or lightweight metal dividers create subtle separations without obstructing sightlines or light flow. These partitions combine functionality with style, maintaining openness while providing privacy when needed.
Open layouts also encourage the integration of natural light, making rooms feel airy and comfortable. Expansive windows, strategically placed mirrors, and reflective surfaces amplify daylight, reducing reliance on artificial lighting and enhancing the overall mood of the room. In addition, open spaces provide a canvas for multifunctional furniture and versatile arrangements, enabling homeowners to adapt their living rooms for social gatherings, quiet relaxation, or work-from-home needs.
While contemporary influences dominate, 2023 also marks a revival of traditional elements in living room design. There is a growing appreciation for furniture and decor that carries a sense of heritage. Classic wooden furniture, often featuring intricate carvings or hand-crafted details, is being reimagined in modern contexts. Curved sofas, vintage-style armchairs, and ornate diwan beds infused with contemporary textures create a timeless aesthetic. Upholstery with traditional patterns or vibrant motifs adds character and warmth to modern living rooms.
This blending of old and new reflects a broader design philosophy that values sustainability and craftsmanship. Materials such as solid wood, cane, rattan, and wicker are becoming increasingly popular. These elements not only provide durability but also connect living spaces with natural textures and tactile experiences. Traditional swings or jhoolas integrated with modern seating arrangements introduce playful yet functional design elements, merging nostalgia with present-day lifestyle needs.
Biophilic design continues to influence living rooms, with nature-inspired prints and motifs making a strong comeback. Wallpapers adorned with floral, leafy, or botanical patterns infuse interiors with a refreshing, organic vibe. Minimal textures and subtle designs are preferred to avoid visual clutter while still bringing the essence of the outdoors inside. Plants, planters, and natural decor elements further enhance this connection with nature, creating serene and inviting spaces. This trend also complements brighter colour palettes, as the greenery contrasts beautifully with vibrant walls and accent pieces.
Functionality remains a cornerstone of modern living room design. The rise of hybrid work models has solidified the need for dedicated work corners within living rooms. Compact, well-placed workstations allow seamless transitions between leisure and productivity without compromising the aesthetics of the space. Clever design solutions, such as desks integrated into storage units or entertainment centers, ensure that workspaces remain unobtrusive yet fully functional.
Furniture trends are evolving in parallel with these functional needs. Multifunctional, foldable, and modular furniture pieces are highly sought after, catering to compact living environments without sacrificing style. Examples include sofas that convert into beds, Murphy beds that fold seamlessly into walls, or tables that expand for dining or work purposes. Hidden storage within furniture helps maintain an uncluttered environment, supporting minimalism while enhancing practicality.
The emphasis on minimalism is further reflected in furniture choices and room layouts. Streamlined, compact furniture with clean lines replaces bulky units, promoting a sense of openness and tranquility. Storage solutions are integrated discreetly, ensuring essentials are accessible without compromising the aesthetic appeal. This approach aligns with a larger trend toward simplified, organized living, where each element serves a clear purpose and contributes to the overall harmony of the room.
Texture and material selection also play a critical role in 2023 living room trends. Natural textures such as wood grain, rattan, jute, and linen add depth and warmth, while metallic accents and polished surfaces inject a modern touch. Layering textures—combining soft upholstery with smooth surfaces and woven materials—creates a balanced and inviting environment. Accessories like cushions, throws, and rugs provide opportunities to experiment with tactile contrasts, enhancing the sensory experience of the room.
Lighting continues to be a defining feature of living room design. Statement light fixtures, floor lamps, and layered lighting schemes create ambiance and highlight key design elements. Smart lighting solutions that adjust colour temperature and intensity allow homeowners to tailor the mood according to time of day or activity. Strategic lighting accentuates textures, colours, and furniture arrangements, reinforcing the room’s overall character and making even compact spaces feel dynamic and sophisticated.
Finally, personalization is a significant aspect of living room trends in 2023. Interior spaces increasingly reflect the identities, tastes, and lifestyles of their occupants. Incorporating art pieces, photographs, or curated collectibles ensures each living room feels unique. The combination of bold colours, traditional motifs, nature-inspired elements, multifunctional furniture, and thoughtful lighting provides a versatile foundation for personal expression. Homeowners can balance trend-forward aesthetics with individual preferences, resulting in spaces that are not only visually appealing but also highly functional and comfortable.
Living rooms are no longer just a space for casual seating or entertaining guests—they have become the soul of a home, reflecting personality, lifestyle, and taste. As 2023 unfolds, interior design trends are steering towards bold, dynamic, and multifunctional spaces that blend aesthetics with practicality. One of the key directions this year is the adoption of brighter and more vibrant colour palettes. While previous years emphasized soft, neutral, or earthy tones, 2023 invites homeowners to experiment with lively hues that bring energy and warmth to their living spaces. Rich shades of chrome yellow, rust red, deep blues, and sophisticated greys are gaining prominence. These colours not only add a striking visual appeal but also help define distinct areas within open-plan spaces.
For those hesitant to embrace a fully vibrant scheme, a subtle approach can be equally effective. Adding pops of colour through decor, cushions, curtains, or area rugs can enliven an otherwise neutral room without overwhelming the senses. Accent pieces allow flexibility, enabling homeowners to update the colour scheme seasonally or according to changing tastes. Incorporating bright tones strategically enhances the visual interest and creates focal points, drawing attention to the room’s architectural features or cherished furniture pieces.
Another major shift in living room design this year is the growing preference for open layouts. Open-plan living continues to dominate interior design, offering a sense of spaciousness and fluidity. By minimizing rigid boundaries between the living room, dining area, and kitchen, spaces feel larger and more inviting. Semi-open layouts are emerging as a practical solution, allowing flexibility while maintaining distinct zones. Decorative partitions using fluted glass panels, intricately carved wooden screens, or lightweight metal dividers create subtle separations without obstructing sightlines or light flow. These partitions combine functionality with style, maintaining openness while providing privacy when needed.
Open layouts also encourage the integration of natural light, making rooms feel airy and comfortable. Expansive windows, strategically placed mirrors, and reflective surfaces amplify daylight, reducing reliance on artificial lighting and enhancing the overall mood of the room. In addition, open spaces provide a canvas for multifunctional furniture and versatile arrangements, enabling homeowners to adapt their living rooms for social gatherings, quiet relaxation, or work-from-home needs.
While contemporary influences dominate, 2023 also marks a revival of traditional elements in living room design. There is a growing appreciation for furniture and decor that carry a sense of heritage. Classic wooden furniture, often featuring intricate carvings or hand-crafted details, is being reimagined in modern contexts. Curved sofas, vintage-style armchairs, and ornate diwan beds infused with contemporary textures create a timeless aesthetic. Upholstery with traditional patterns or vibrant motifs adds character and warmth to modern living rooms.
This blending of old and new reflects a broader design philosophy that values sustainability and craftsmanship. Materials such as solid wood, cane, rattan, and wicker are becoming increasingly popular. These elements not only provide durability but also connect living spaces with natural textures and tactile experiences. Traditional swings or jhoolas integrated with modern seating arrangements introduce playful yet functional design elements, merging nostalgia with present-day lifestyle needs.
Biophilic design continues to influence living rooms, with nature-inspired prints and motifs making a strong comeback. Wallpapers adorned with floral, leafy, or botanical patterns infuse interiors with a refreshing, organic vibe. Minimal textures and subtle designs are preferred to avoid visual clutter while still bringing the essence of the outdoors inside. Plants, planters, and natural decor elements further enhance this connection with nature, creating serene and inviting spaces. This trend also complements brighter colour palettes, as the greenery contrasts beautifully with vibrant walls and accent pieces.
Functionality remains a cornerstone of modern living room design. The rise of hybrid work models has solidified the need for dedicated work corners within living rooms. Compact, well-placed workstations allow seamless transitions between leisure and productivity without compromising the aesthetics of the space. Clever design solutions, such as desks integrated into storage units or entertainment centers, ensure that workspaces remain unobtrusive yet fully functional.
Furniture trends are evolving in parallel with these functional needs. Multifunctional, foldable, and modular furniture pieces are highly sought after, catering to compact living environments without sacrificing style. Examples include sofas that convert into beds, Murphy beds that fold seamlessly into walls, or tables that expand for dining or work purposes. Hidden storage within furniture helps maintain an uncluttered environment, supporting minimalism while enhancing practicality.
The emphasis on minimalism is further reflected in furniture choices and room layouts. Streamlined, compact furniture with clean lines replaces bulky units, promoting a sense of openness and tranquility. Storage solutions are integrated discreetly, ensuring essentials are accessible without compromising the aesthetic appeal. This approach aligns with a larger trend toward simplified, organized living, where each element serves a clear purpose and contributes to the overall harmony of the room.
Texture and material selection also play a critical role in 2023 living room trends. Natural textures such as wood grain, rattan, jute, and linen add depth and warmth, while metallic accents and polished surfaces inject a modern touch. Layering textures—combining soft upholstery with smooth surfaces and woven materials—creates a balanced and inviting environment. Accessories like cushions, throws, and rugs provide opportunities to experiment with tactile contrasts, enhancing the sensory experience of the room.
Lighting continues to be a defining feature of living room design. Statement light fixtures, floor lamps, and layered lighting schemes create ambiance and highlight key design elements. Smart lighting solutions that adjust colour temperature and intensity allow homeowners to tailor the mood according to time of day or activity. Strategic lighting accentuates textures, colours, and furniture arrangements, reinforcing the room’s overall character and making even compact spaces feel dynamic and sophisticated.
Finally, personalization is a significant aspect of living room trends in 2023. Interior spaces increasingly reflect the identities, tastes, and lifestyles of their occupants. Incorporating art pieces, photographs, or curated collectibles ensures each living room feels unique. The combination of bold colours, traditional motifs, nature-inspired elements, multifunctional furniture, and thoughtful lighting provides a versatile foundation for personal expression. Homeowners can balance trend-forward aesthetics with individual preferences, resulting in spaces that are not only visually appealing but also highly functional and comfortable.
As the living room continues to serve as the heart of the home, furniture design in 2023 has evolved to meet the demands of modern lifestyles. No longer is furniture solely about aesthetics; it must balance style with functionality, maximizing both comfort and space efficiency. One of the most noticeable trends is the rise of multifunctional furniture. This approach caters to compact living spaces, hybrid work lifestyles, and dynamic family requirements. Multifunctional pieces allow the living room to transform according to daily needs, whether that is entertaining guests, working from home, or relaxing with family.
A prominent example of multifunctional furniture is the modular sofa. Unlike traditional, fixed sofas, modular systems consist of individual units that can be arranged in multiple configurations. This adaptability allows homeowners to create seating arrangements suited to the room’s size, shape, or activity. Some modular sofas also include hidden storage beneath the seating, providing a practical solution for stashing away blankets, books, or other items. Similarly, sectional sofas with fold-out beds are becoming increasingly popular, offering the option to host overnight guests without needing a dedicated guest room.
Another furniture trend gaining momentum in 2023 is foldable and expandable units. Murphy beds, drop-leaf tables, and collapsible desks are being cleverly integrated into living rooms to maximize functionality. For example, a fold-down desk within a TV cabinet allows a dedicated workspace during the day, while remaining hidden when not in use. This combination of practicality and seamless aesthetics ensures that the living room remains uncluttered, clean, and versatile. Compact dining tables that extend to accommodate larger gatherings are another innovation that enhances the usability of small spaces. These solutions are particularly valuable for urban homes where square footage is limited.
Storage solutions are also evolving to support the growing demand for multifunctional living rooms. Minimalism continues to influence furniture design, encouraging the use of sleek, discreet storage units. Low-profile sideboards, wall-mounted shelving, and hidden cabinets allow homeowners to organize belongings without disrupting the visual flow of the room. For example, entertainment centers are being redesigned to integrate storage compartments, concealing electronics, gaming consoles, or books behind sliding panels or doors. This approach combines practicality with elegance, maintaining a tidy appearance while accommodating essential items.
Beyond hidden storage, vertical solutions are gaining attention. Tall shelving units, wall-mounted cabinets, and floating shelves make effective use of vertical space, freeing up floor areas for seating and movement. Open shelving with integrated lighting adds both functionality and design appeal, allowing homeowners to display decorative pieces while keeping everyday items accessible. Mixing closed and open storage elements ensures a balanced look, providing both neatness and aesthetic interest.
Material choices for furniture in 2023 are influenced by both durability and sustainability. Solid wood continues to dominate, prized for its longevity and natural warmth. Sustainable options like bamboo, reclaimed wood, and engineered wood are also popular, reflecting a growing awareness of environmental impact. Upholstery materials have shifted towards textured fabrics, soft linens, and natural fibers, providing a tactile contrast to polished wooden surfaces and metallic accents. The interplay of different materials not only enhances the visual appeal of living rooms but also creates inviting and comfortable spaces.
Lighting-integrated furniture is another innovation transforming the functionality of living rooms. Shelving units, desks, and cabinets with built-in LED lights create ambient illumination while highlighting design features. Smart lighting solutions that adjust in intensity or colour temperature according to activity or time of day enhance both comfort and aesthetics. For instance, a reading corner can feature focused task lighting, while the rest of the room maintains softer, ambient lighting for relaxation. This fusion of design and technology reflects the 2023 emphasis on functional, adaptable living environments.
Seating arrangements are also transforming. While traditional sofas and armchairs remain central, alternative seating options are being embraced for versatility and style. Bean bags, poufs, floor cushions, and low-profile lounge chairs introduce casual, informal seating that encourages social interaction and relaxation. Modular seating allows the arrangement to change according to the occasion, from cozy movie nights to larger gatherings. Ergonomic considerations are being prioritized, with chairs and sofas designed to support posture while remaining stylish.
In addition to multifunctional furniture, the layout and spatial planning of living rooms have become critical elements of interior design. Open-concept living remains popular, with semi-open layouts providing flexibility without sacrificing privacy. Strategic placement of furniture helps define functional zones, such as conversation areas, workspaces, or entertainment corners. Low-profile furniture can enhance sightlines, making spaces feel larger and more connected. Similarly, area rugs and lighting can demarcate zones without the need for physical barriers, allowing for fluid movement throughout the room.
Decorative yet functional furniture pieces are increasingly popular. Coffee tables with built-in storage, ottomans that double as seating and storage, and side tables with integrated power outlets are examples of how design can serve multiple purposes. This approach not only reduces clutter but also aligns with the modern preference for streamlined interiors. Every piece of furniture serves a dual role, contributing to both the aesthetic and practical aspects of the room.
Sustainability is another critical factor influencing living room furniture trends. Homeowners are increasingly choosing materials and finishes that are environmentally responsible and durable. Furniture crafted from sustainably sourced wood, natural fibers, and recycled materials is gaining traction. This shift reflects broader lifestyle values that prioritize eco-conscious choices without compromising on style or comfort. Durability, timeless design, and the potential for reconfiguration are all considered when selecting furniture for contemporary living rooms.
The aesthetic balance of furniture also remains a priority. While functionality is important, pieces are chosen to complement the overall style of the room. Sleek lines, minimalistic designs, and cohesive colour palettes ensure that furniture enhances the living room’s visual appeal rather than creating visual clutter. Soft furnishings, including cushions, throws, and rugs, introduce warmth, texture, and colour, tying together the design elements seamlessly.
Lighting, as an essential part of living room design, works in tandem with furniture to define spaces and moods. Statement lighting fixtures, such as pendant lamps or chandeliers, are paired with task-oriented floor lamps and ambient lighting solutions. Layered lighting not only supports different activities but also enhances the textures and tones of furniture and decor. This integration emphasizes a holistic approach, where every element—furniture, lighting, and accessories—works together to create a harmonious environment.
Technology integration is subtly becoming a trend in living room furniture. Entertainment units, storage solutions, and seating are designed to accommodate modern devices, from televisions and gaming consoles to smart speakers and home automation systems. Hidden compartments and wire management solutions maintain clean lines, ensuring that technology does not interfere with the room’s aesthetic. Modular and multifunctional furniture is particularly suited for this, as it allows for adjustments and adaptations as technology evolves.
Personalization remains central to furniture and layout decisions. While trends provide guidance, homeowners are encouraged to incorporate elements that reflect their tastes and lifestyle. Statement furniture pieces, heirloom items, or customized units allow individuals to infuse character into their living spaces. By combining contemporary trends with personal touches, living rooms become both stylish and meaningful, accommodating everyday needs while reflecting identity.
One of the most striking shifts in living room design for 2023 is the bold and playful use of colour. While past trends leaned heavily toward muted tones and earthy shades, this year encourages homeowners to embrace vibrant hues that bring energy and personality into the space. Colours such as mustard yellow, burnt orange, teal, rich navy, and jewel-inspired shades are emerging as favourites. These tones provide a striking contrast to neutral backdrops while adding warmth, depth, and vibrancy.
Incorporating bright colours does not necessarily mean painting every wall in bold hues. Instead, designers advocate for a balanced approach, combining neutrals with vivid accents. Feature walls, upholstered furniture, or statement decor pieces in bold colours can instantly uplift a living room without overwhelming the senses. For example, a cobalt blue sofa against a neutral backdrop can serve as a focal point, while mustard yellow cushions or an accent rug introduce complementary warmth. Similarly, colourful artwork or decorative panels can punctuate the room, creating visual interest and personality.
Patterns play an equally important role in the contemporary living room. Geometric patterns, abstract designs, and traditional motifs are all making a resurgence. The key trend is mixing patterns thoughtfully to create depth without clutter. For example, a rug with bold geometric prints can anchor the seating area, while cushions with subtle, complementary patterns add a layer of texture and interest. Wallpaper with intricate designs, whether floral, geometric, or nature-inspired, provides an opportunity to experiment with visual storytelling, offering both a modern and timeless aesthetic.
Floral and botanical patterns continue to be influential, reflecting a growing affinity for nature-inspired interiors. Biophilic design remains a significant influence in 2023, encouraging the integration of greenery, organic textures, and motifs that evoke outdoor spaces. Wallpapers, upholstery, and curtains with floral or leafy designs bring freshness into living rooms while connecting interior spaces with natural elements. The trend also aligns well with the broader emphasis on wellness and creating serene, uplifting environments in the home.
Texture has emerged as a central aspect of modern living room design. Layering different textures adds depth, richness, and tactile interest, enhancing both the visual and sensory appeal of a space. Soft fabrics such as velvet, linen, and chenille contrast beautifully with harder surfaces like wood, glass, and metal. Adding woven materials like rattan, cane, or wicker creates a natural, artisanal feel, blending seamlessly with sustainable furniture trends. Rugs with high-low pile, textured cushions, and knitted throws further enrich the room, allowing homeowners to experiment with comfort and style simultaneously.
The use of metallic accents is another noteworthy trend in 2023. Gold, brass, bronze, and matte black finishes are being incorporated through lighting fixtures, decor items, and furniture details. These metallic touches add sophistication and a hint of luxury without dominating the overall design. For example, a coffee table with brass legs or a metallic-accented mirror can serve as a subtle yet striking statement piece. Pairing metallics with natural textures and bold colours creates a balanced, contemporary look that feels both curated and inviting.
Wall treatments continue to expand beyond paint, offering new opportunities for personalization and expression. Textured walls, decorative mouldings, wainscoting, and paneling provide architectural interest and create a visually engaging backdrop for furniture and artwork. In 2023, combining traditional elements like European-style beading or classic moulding with contemporary colours and textures results in a harmonious blend of old-world charm and modern sophistication. Accent walls featuring textured plaster, stone, or wood panels also provide a focal point, enhancing the overall depth and character of the living room.
Artwork and decorative accents are becoming increasingly central to living room design. Large wall frames, gallery walls, and sculptural pieces allow homeowners to express personality and aesthetic preferences. Statement mirrors not only serve as decorative items but also enhance natural light and create an illusion of spaciousness. Incorporating personal collections, travel souvenirs, or handcrafted items adds a sense of narrative and individuality, ensuring the space feels curated and authentic.
Lighting, as part of decorative accents, plays a dual role in both function and design. Layered lighting strategies—combining ambient, task, and accent lighting—enhance the overall atmosphere while highlighting textures, colours, and key design features. Pendant lights, chandeliers, and floor lamps serve as sculptural elements, complementing furniture and accent pieces. LED strips integrated into shelves, cabinets, or coves provide subtle illumination, creating a mood and highlighting the room’s architectural details. Lighting is now seen as an essential design element rather than merely a functional necessity.
Accessories such as cushions, throws, rugs, and decorative objects remain vital for completing a living room’s aesthetic. In 2023, emphasis is placed on quality, texture, and uniqueness rather than quantity. Carefully selected pieces, including handcrafted ceramics, woven baskets, and artisanal decor, enhance the room’s character while maintaining a cohesive visual language. Layering soft furnishings in varying textures and colours introduces warmth and comfort, making living rooms feel both stylish and inviting.
Indoor plants and planters continue to be a key component of modern interiors. Large potted plants placed in corners, trailing plants on shelves, or small tabletop arrangements introduce a natural element, connecting the living room with the outdoors. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, plants contribute to improved air quality and promote a sense of well-being. Using planters with metallic finishes, woven textures, or unique designs adds another layer of style, complementing the overall interior scheme.
Colour coordination extends to smaller details such as vases, lampshades, and decorative trays. Coordinating these accessories with the room’s primary and accent colours creates a harmonious and cohesive look. For example, cushions, artwork, and rugs sharing similar tones or complementary shades can tie together an eclectic mix of furniture and decor, giving the living room a polished and intentional feel.
Textiles and upholstery are being approached with increased creativity in 2023. Velvet, suede, and linen in bold colours and patterns are popular choices for sofas, armchairs, and cushions. Combining different fabric textures within a room introduces depth and creates a sensory experience that enhances comfort. Layering textiles allows homeowners to refresh the look seasonally, adapting to changing colour trends or personal preferences without major renovations.
Decorative lighting and statement pieces often act as anchors in modern living rooms. A sculptural floor lamp, an oversized clock, or a bold wall art piece draws the eye and establishes a focal point. Complementary accessories, such as side tables, console units, or display shelves, maintain balance and harmony in the space. The goal is to create a living room that feels curated, stylish, and dynamic without appearing overcrowded or chaotic.
The integration of textures, colours, and patterns in 2023 living rooms emphasizes a holistic design approach. Every element—from the walls and floors to furniture, fabrics, and decorative accessories—works together to create an immersive experience. Layering, mixing, and matching textures and patterns strategically ensures visual interest while avoiding clutter. A living room designed with this philosophy becomes not only a functional space but also an artistic expression that reflects the homeowner’s tastes and lifestyle.
Incorporating vintage and contemporary elements together remains a significant trend. Antique or retro furniture pieces, patterned rugs, or classic artwork can be paired with modern furniture and clean-lined decor to create eclectic yet harmonious spaces. This mix-and-match approach allows living rooms to feel personalized and timeless, bridging traditional aesthetics with contemporary sensibilities.
In addition to aesthetics, the practical application of colours, patterns, and textures contributes to the overall functionality of the living room. Darker shades or patterned surfaces on frequently used furniture can help conceal wear, while lighter tones and reflective surfaces enhance the perception of space and brightness. Thoughtful coordination ensures that the living room remains both visually appealing and practical for daily living.
The living room has evolved far beyond being a space solely for socializing or relaxation. In 2023, it represents a multifaceted environment that accommodates work, entertainment, leisure, and personal expression. One of the most significant drivers of this transformation is the integration of technology and smart solutions. As homeowners increasingly demand convenience, efficiency, and adaptability, technology-enabled furniture, lighting, and decor are becoming central to modern living room design.
Smart Entertainment and Media Integration
Entertainment units are undergoing a revolution in both form and function. Traditional bulky TV cabinets are being replaced with sleek modular units that seamlessly integrate audio-visual equipment while minimizing clutter. Built-in cable management systems hide unsightly wires, and compartments can house streaming devices, gaming consoles, or home theater systems. Some units even incorporate motorized panels or sliding doors to conceal electronics when not in use, maintaining a clean and minimalist aesthetic.
High-tech televisions and projectors are being paired with minimalist furniture to create immersive entertainment experiences. Smart TVs with integrated voice control and home automation capabilities allow users to manage media, lighting, and even climate from a single interface. These technologies enable living rooms to double as media hubs without compromising style or functionality. Additionally, compact and modular seating arrangements can be adjusted to optimize viewing angles, making every spot in the room comfortable for entertainment purposes.
Smart Lighting and Ambiance Control
Lighting is one of the most versatile tools in modern living room design, providing both functionality and mood enhancement. Smart lighting systems allow homeowners to adjust brightness, colour temperature, and even hue through mobile apps or voice commands. This level of control transforms the living room according to time of day, activity, or mood. For instance, a bright, cool white light can create an energetic atmosphere for work or socializing, while warmer, dimmed lighting fosters relaxation in the evening.
Integrated lighting solutions are also becoming more architectural. LED strips embedded in shelves, cove lighting along ceilings, or under-furniture illumination provide subtle yet effective accents. Statement fixtures like chandeliers, pendant lights, or sculptural floor lamps are often paired with these smart systems to combine aesthetics with adaptability. Layered lighting ensures that functional needs, ambiance, and design cohesion are all met, enhancing the living room’s overall versatility.
Furniture Adaptability and Smart Storage
As homes become more multifunctional, furniture is adapting to meet diverse needs. Modular sofas, foldable tables, and convertible workstations allow living rooms to transition seamlessly between leisure, work, and social activities. Murphy beds and sofa beds are no longer confined to guest rooms—they are being incorporated into living spaces to maximize flexibility. These solutions are particularly valuable in urban apartments or homes with limited square footage.
Smart storage continues to redefine how living rooms remain organized and visually appealing. Storage units now incorporate features such as hidden compartments, pull-out shelves, and vertical storage solutions to optimize space. For example, entertainment units can include drawers for board games, books, or electronics, while coffee tables with concealed storage provide additional functionality without sacrificing design integrity. Modular shelving systems allow homeowners to adjust configurations according to changing storage requirements, keeping the room adaptable and clutter-free.
Work-from-Home Integration
Even as hybrid work models continue, the need for dedicated workspaces within the living room remains. Compact workstations, often integrated into cabinetry or entertainment units, allow homeowners to work comfortably without dedicating an entire room to office use. Foldable desks, sliding panels, and hidden storage ensure that work areas can be concealed when not in use, maintaining a seamless living space. Ergonomic chairs, proper lighting, and accessible power outlets are incorporated without compromising the room’s aesthetic appeal.
In addition to physical workstations, wireless technology and home automation play a role in enabling efficient work-from-home setups. High-speed internet connectivity, smart plugs, and cable-free charging stations ensure that devices remain powered and functional while maintaining a clean, organized look. This integration allows living rooms to function as professional spaces without losing their cozy, relaxed character.
Lifestyle-Driven Furniture and Layouts
The layout of a living room significantly impacts its functionality. In 2023, there is a strong focus on zoning—creating distinct areas for socializing, working, and relaxing—without breaking the openness of the space. Open-plan layouts are often complemented by semi-transparent partitions, rugs, or lighting cues to define boundaries subtly. This approach allows for flexibility while maintaining a sense of connection between different functional zones.
Furniture placement plays a crucial role in optimizing flow and usability. Low-profile seating, strategically positioned rugs, and modular arrangements allow for easy reconfiguration depending on the occasion. Seating clusters can accommodate intimate conversations or expand to host larger gatherings. Movable ottomans, poufs, and floor cushions provide additional seating options without creating permanent clutter, supporting adaptability in every corner of the living room.
Incorporating Nature and Biophilic Design
Biophilic design continues to influence living room trends, enhancing both aesthetics and well-being. Large indoor plants, planters, and vertical green walls bring natural elements indoors, improving air quality and creating a calming environment. In 2023, designers are exploring innovative ways to integrate greenery into functional furniture pieces. For instance, shelving units with built-in planter boxes or coffee tables with central plant sections create a seamless connection between nature and daily living.
Nature-inspired materials, including rattan, wicker, and reclaimed wood, contribute to sustainable and visually appealing interiors. Textured fabrics and earthy tones complement greenery, resulting in spaces that feel both fresh and inviting. Natural patterns, such as leaf motifs, floral wallpapers, or stone-inspired surfaces, continue to be prominent, reinforcing the connection between indoor living spaces and the outdoors.
Technology-Enhanced Comfort
Smart home systems are no longer limited to lighting and entertainment—they extend to climate control, air quality, and security. Thermostats, smart fans, and air purifiers can be seamlessly integrated into living room layouts, ensuring comfort without compromising design. Automated systems allow homeowners to adjust temperature or ventilation remotely, enhancing convenience and efficiency. Voice control and app-based interfaces simplify interactions with technology, enabling smooth transitions between relaxation, work, and entertainment modes.
Furniture design is also embracing ergonomic and adaptive principles. Recliners with adjustable angles, modular seating with lumbar support, and seating with integrated massaging or heating functions enhance comfort while maintaining stylish appearances. This fusion of technology and ergonomics ensures that living rooms remain functional and welcoming, supporting diverse activities throughout the day.
Sustainability and Materials Innovation
Sustainable materials continue to influence living room design. Reclaimed wood, bamboo, natural fibers, and eco-friendly finishes are increasingly preferred for furniture, flooring, and decor. Modular and multifunctional furniture aligns with sustainability by reducing the need for multiple single-purpose items. Durable materials, combined with timeless designs, ensure that furniture remains relevant and functional for years, minimizing environmental impact.
Textiles are also following eco-conscious trends. Organic cotton, linen, and recycled fabrics are used in upholstery, cushions, and curtains. These choices support sustainability while offering tactile comfort and aesthetic versatility. In combination with bold colours, natural patterns, and textured surfaces, eco-friendly materials contribute to a harmonious and contemporary living room environment.
Smart Accessories and Decorative Innovations
Decorative elements are embracing smart and functional designs. Mirrors with integrated LED lighting, photo frames with digital displays, and modular shelving units with built-in speakers illustrate how technology can merge seamlessly with decor. These elements not only enhance aesthetics but also provide practical functionality, ensuring that decorative pieces serve multiple purposes.
Art and personal collections are increasingly curated with flexibility in mind. Rotating displays, interchangeable frames, and modular shelving allow homeowners to adapt their interiors to evolving tastes and seasonal changes. This dynamic approach encourages personalization while maintaining a cohesive design language throughout the living room.
Holistic Approach to Design
The overarching theme of living room trends in 2023 is integration—blending technology, aesthetics, functionality, and personalization into a cohesive whole. Every design decision, from furniture selection to layout, lighting, and decorative accents, is informed by how it contributes to the overall usability and ambience of the space. Open-plan layouts, multifunctional furniture, smart solutions, and biophilic elements work together to create living rooms that are adaptive, inviting, and reflective of individual lifestyles.
Attention to detail ensures that living rooms remain both stylish and practical. Coordinating colours, textures, and materials helps maintain visual harmony, while careful planning of furniture and functional zones optimizes usability. Layered lighting and technology integration enhance ambiance, comfort, and convenience, transforming the living room into a multifunctional hub that supports a range of activities.
The living room in 2023 is more than a room—it is a versatile environment that responds to changing needs, incorporates modern technology, and fosters well-being. The combination of adaptable furniture, sustainable materials, smart systems, and personalized accents ensures that each space is unique, functional, and aesthetically compelling. Designers and homeowners alike are embracing the idea that a well-planned living room can seamlessly balance style, comfort, and lifestyle adaptability.
In 2023, living room design is moving beyond traditional ideas of decoration and function, embracing nuanced details that blend aesthetics, lifestyle needs, and emotional impact. Modern living rooms are being shaped as multifunctional, personalized, and visually engaging spaces that reflect contemporary living while honoring individual preferences. Emerging trends this year emphasize the integration of intricate design details, carefully curated accents, and adaptable layouts that cater to daily activities and social interactions alike.
Statement Walls and Architectural Features
One of the key elements defining living rooms in 2023 is the concept of statement walls. Rather than relying solely on bold colours, homeowners and designers are exploring textured surfaces, mixed materials, and layered architectural details. Textured plaster, stone cladding, wooden paneling, or three-dimensional wall designs create visual depth and serve as a central design focus. These walls can also act as backdrops for entertainment units, seating areas, or art installations, enhancing the room’s visual hierarchy without overwhelming the overall aesthetic.
Architectural accents such as ceiling mouldings, wall beading, and subtle cornices are also gaining traction. While these features have a classical origin, their modern reinterpretation involves minimalist lines, monochromatic tones, or subtle metallic highlights. This fusion of traditional detailing with contemporary sensibilities creates a refined, timeless look, adding character and sophistication to modern living rooms.
Texture Play and Material Diversity
Texture continues to be a major influencer in 2023 living room design. Layering textures creates visual richness and tactile interest, making spaces feel welcoming and dynamic. Soft furnishings such as velvet or chenille sofas, linen curtains, knitted throws, and patterned rugs are combined with harder textures like stone, concrete, or metal finishes. This mix-and-match approach allows homeowners to introduce contrast, balance, and depth while ensuring the room remains cohesive.
Innovative use of materials is also noticeable in furniture and decor. Sustainable options such as bamboo, reclaimed wood, natural fibers, and eco-friendly composites are widely used, reflecting an increased focus on environmentally conscious living. Incorporating tactile materials in wall finishes, furniture upholstery, and accessories brings a natural warmth, enhancing the sensory experience and connecting interiors with the organic world.
Eclectic Accents and Curated Collections
Decorative accents in 2023 are about personalization and storytelling. Living rooms increasingly feature curated collections, including artwork, sculptures, heirlooms, and bespoke decorative pieces. Gallery walls combining framed photography, abstract art, and personal memorabilia create a narrative that reflects lifestyle, taste, and experiences. This approach allows homeowners to merge contemporary trends with personal history, resulting in a space that feels lived-in, authentic, and unique.
Statement mirrors, oversized clocks, and sculptural decorative elements are being used strategically to create focal points, enhance light, and define zones within the living room. Mirrored surfaces not only serve functional purposes but also visually expand spaces, reflecting natural and artificial light to make rooms appear larger and more open. Combining functional accents with decorative appeal is central to achieving a balanced, modern aesthetic.
Colour Coordination and Layering
Colour remains a defining characteristic of living room trends in 2023. The focus is on combining bold accent colours with neutral or muted tones to achieve balance and visual interest. Jewel tones, earthy shades, and vibrant pastels are being used in tandem with neutral backgrounds to create layered depth. For instance, a living room might feature a rich emerald sofa paired with soft beige walls and warm wooden flooring, complemented by accent cushions or rugs in complementary shades.
Layering colours across different surfaces—walls, furniture, soft furnishings, and accessories—helps establish a cohesive yet dynamic look. Designers encourage experimenting with tonal variations, subtle gradients, and contrasting hues to create spaces that feel sophisticated, energetic, and harmonious. Colour also serves a functional role by demarcating zones, emphasizing focal points, or enhancing natural light in the room.
Flexible Layouts and Space Optimization
With urban living spaces often being compact, the flexibility of living room layouts has become essential. Open-plan designs continue to dominate, but semi-open configurations with partitions, screens, or furniture placement are increasingly popular. Modular furniture allows homeowners to redefine zones for work, entertainment, or social gatherings without permanent changes. For instance, a sectional sofa can divide a living area from a dining corner, while foldable or movable tables provide additional utility when needed.
Vertical storage and compact furniture contribute to space efficiency. Wall-mounted cabinets, floating shelves, and stacked storage units free up floor space while keeping essentials organized. Hidden storage solutions, such as benches with concealed compartments or ottomans with drawers, provide additional utility without affecting the visual flow. By maximizing functionality while minimizing clutter, living rooms in 2023 are both practical and aesthetically pleasing.
Indoor Greenery and Biophilic Design
The emphasis on biophilic design remains strong in 2023, highlighting the importance of nature-inspired elements in creating a serene, welcoming environment. Indoor plants, large potted greenery, hanging planters, and vertical gardens not only improve air quality but also introduce a calming, organic aesthetic. Planters with innovative designs—ranging from woven baskets to sleek metallic containers—allow greenery to blend seamlessly into modern interiors.
Textures, patterns, and colours inspired by nature further reinforce this trend. Leaf motifs, floral patterns, stone-inspired surfaces, and earthy colour palettes are being integrated into wallpapers, upholstery, and decor accessories. Biophilic design enhances both visual appeal and well-being, transforming living rooms into spaces that nourish the mind and senses while complementing contemporary design trends.
Lighting as a Design Statement
Lighting has evolved from being merely functional to serving as a key design element in 2023. Layered lighting strategies combine ambient, task, and accent illumination to cater to diverse activities and moods. Pendant lights, chandeliers, and sculptural floor lamps serve as statement pieces, while recessed lighting and LED strips offer subtle, indirect illumination.
Smart lighting solutions enhance flexibility by allowing colour temperature, intensity, and scheduling adjustments via mobile apps or voice control. This adaptability enables homeowners to tailor the atmosphere of the living room for different occasions, from energetic social gatherings to calm, relaxed evenings. By integrating lighting into both functional and decorative design strategies, living rooms achieve a balanced, inviting, and visually engaging environment.
Technology-Integrated Comfort
In addition to lighting and entertainment, technology integration extends to climate control, safety, and convenience. Smart thermostats, air purifiers, and automated blinds allow homeowners to regulate temperature, air quality, and natural light efficiently. These solutions contribute to comfort, convenience, and energy efficiency without disrupting the overall aesthetic.
Furniture and seating designs are increasingly ergonomic, combining comfort with modern style. Adjustable chairs, recliners, and modular sofas provide customizable support for various activities, from work and study to relaxation and entertainment. Integration of technology, such as charging stations or smart connectivity within furniture, enhances usability while maintaining a streamlined look.
Functional and Aesthetic Accessories
Accessories continue to play a crucial role in defining the character of living rooms. In 2023, the focus is on curated, high-quality pieces that blend functionality with design. Decorative trays, vases, books, and collectibles are carefully positioned to complement furniture arrangements, colour schemes, and textures. Multi-functional accessories, such as ottomans that double as storage or side tables with integrated lighting, provide practicality without compromising visual appeal.
Textiles, including throws, cushions, and rugs, contribute to layered aesthetics and tactile comfort. Combining patterns, textures, and colours thoughtfully creates a sense of harmony while maintaining a visually dynamic environment. Seasonal updates to these elements allow homeowners to refresh their spaces without major renovations.
Personalization and Lifestyle Expression
A defining trend in 2023 is the emphasis on personalization. Living rooms are increasingly seen as spaces that reflect the lifestyle, preferences, and identity of the occupants. From curated artwork and collectible pieces to bespoke furniture and accent items, personalization ensures that the space feels authentic and meaningful.
Lifestyle adaptability remains integral to design decisions. Homes are designed to accommodate hybrid work, entertainment, leisure, and family activities seamlessly. Modular furniture, multifunctional layouts, and smart systems provide the flexibility to adjust the room according to evolving needs. This approach ensures that living rooms are not only visually appealing but also responsive to modern living demands.
The Role of Minimalism and Cohesion
Despite the emphasis on personalization and eclectic accents, minimalism remains a guiding principle in 2023 living room design. Clean lines, uncluttered surfaces, and cohesive colour palettes ensure that spaces feel open, organized, and calming. Every element, from furniture and lighting to decor and textiles, is selected with intentionality to maintain harmony while enhancing functionality.
Layering, balance, and proportion are key in achieving this minimalistic yet dynamic aesthetic. By carefully curating design elements and avoiding overcrowding, living rooms become flexible, practical, and visually coherent. This balance between style, function, and personalization defines the modern living room of 2023.
Trends in Flooring and Surface Design
Flooring continues to play a significant role in overall living room aesthetics. Natural wood finishes, large-format tiles, and polished stone surfaces are popular choices, creating a sense of continuity and sophistication. Rugs and carpets are strategically used to define zones, introduce texture, and add warmth. Patterned rugs, layered over neutral flooring, bring character and visual interest, complementing furniture arrangements and accent pieces.
Surface finishes on furniture, walls, and accessories contribute to the layered design approach. Matte, glossy, and textured surfaces are combined thoughtfully to create contrast, highlight key areas, and enhance visual depth. Coordinating materials across different surfaces ensures cohesion while allowing for experimentation with textures and finishes.
As we explore the evolving landscape of living room design in 2023, it becomes clear that these spaces are no longer merely functional areas; they are vibrant, adaptable environments that reflect the lifestyles, tastes, and personalities of the people who inhabit them. Every element—from furniture and lighting to colour schemes, textures, and decorative accents—has been reconsidered to serve multiple purposes while maintaining aesthetic appeal. The overarching theme of living room trends this year is adaptability, where form and function harmonize to create spaces that are as dynamic as the lives they accommodate.
Lifestyle-Driven Design: The Core of Modern Living Rooms
The modern living room serves as a multifunctional hub, seamlessly integrating relaxation, entertainment, work, and social interaction. One of the defining characteristics of 2023 trends is lifestyle-driven design, where every choice in furniture, layout, and decor is influenced by the practical and emotional needs of residents. Open-plan and semi-open layouts continue to dominate, promoting fluid movement, natural light distribution, and a sense of spaciousness. Within these flexible layouts, different functional zones—such as seating areas, work corners, and entertainment hubs—are carefully delineated using furniture placement, rugs, and lighting rather than solid walls.
The adaptability of living room layouts is particularly important in urban settings, where space is often limited. Modular sofas, foldable tables, convertible desks, and adjustable seating arrangements allow homeowners to transform their living rooms based on immediate needs. For instance, a seating cluster for intimate family gatherings can easily be expanded to accommodate guests, while a corner workstation can be folded away to maintain a clean, uncluttered look. This emphasis on flexibility ensures that the living room remains a functional space without compromising style.
Smart Integration: Technology and Convenience
Technology integration remains a cornerstone of 2023 living room trends. Smart home systems, wireless connectivity, and automated solutions enhance convenience, comfort, and efficiency. Smart lighting, which can adjust colour temperature, brightness, and scheduling, allows homeowners to create tailored ambiance for different activities. Integrated climate control, air purification, and automated blinds further contribute to a comfortable and responsive environment.
Entertainment solutions have become increasingly seamless and visually unobtrusive. Sleek modular units conceal electronics, hide cables, and incorporate storage for gaming consoles, books, and media devices. Smart TVs, sound systems, and wireless devices integrate effortlessly into these designs, allowing the living room to function as both a leisure space and a media hub without sacrificing elegance or minimalism.
Furniture design is also being influenced by technology. Ergonomic seating, recliners with adjustable angles, and sofas with built-in USB ports or charging stations merge comfort with practicality. These innovations ensure that living rooms are not just visually appealing but also aligned with modern lifestyle requirements, accommodating everything from relaxation and socializing to productivity and entertainment.
Colour, Patterns, and Texture: Balancing Boldness with Harmony
The 2023 living room embraces a vibrant yet balanced approach to colour, patterns, and texture. Bold jewel tones, earthy shades, and muted pastels coexist harmoniously, allowing homeowners to experiment with personality-driven palettes. Accent walls, upholstery, and decorative elements in striking colours provide visual focal points, while neutral backgrounds maintain cohesion and openness.
Patterns are being explored through wallpapers, rugs, and textiles. Geometric designs, floral motifs, and nature-inspired prints create depth and interest without overwhelming the space. The use of biophilic patterns—such as leaf motifs or botanical prints—enhances the connection with nature, complementing the growing emphasis on indoor greenery and wellness-focused interiors.
Texture layering continues to be central to living room design, offering both tactile and visual richness. Combining soft fabrics like velvet, chenille, and linen with harder surfaces such as wood, stone, and metal creates contrast and depth. Woven elements, such as rattan or wicker, introduce natural warmth and artisanal charm. Thoughtful integration of textures contributes to a space that feels dynamic, inviting, and multidimensional.
Sustainable Design and Material Choices
Sustainability remains a prominent consideration in modern living room design. Homeowners are increasingly opting for durable, eco-friendly materials, such as reclaimed wood, bamboo, natural fibers, and recycled composites. These choices reflect an awareness of environmental impact while ensuring longevity and versatility. Furniture designed with durability in mind, paired with timeless aesthetics, supports both sustainability and practical living.
Textiles, upholstery, and soft furnishings also embrace eco-conscious practices. Organic cotton, linen, and recycled fabrics are used extensively, contributing to the overall sustainability of the space. Combining these materials with contemporary designs ensures that living rooms remain stylish, modern, and environmentally responsible.
Decorative Accents and Personalization
Decorative elements play a key role in defining the character of 2023 living rooms. Statement mirrors, curated artwork, large-format wall clocks, and sculptural objects create focal points, while carefully selected accessories such as vases, bowls, and trays enhance the overall design. Personal collections, heirlooms, and bespoke decor items allow homeowners to tell their own stories through their living spaces, balancing trend-driven aesthetics with individuality.
Cushions, throws, rugs, and soft furnishings are used to layer colour, pattern, and texture, introducing both comfort and visual interest. Strategic placement of these elements ensures that they enhance the room without overwhelming it, supporting both the aesthetic and functional objectives of the space. Seasonal updates to textiles or accent pieces offer a simple, cost-effective way to refresh the living room while maintaining continuity with the broader design scheme.
Biophilic Design and the Role of Greenery
Indoor greenery continues to influence contemporary living room trends. Plants, large potted trees, hanging planters, and vertical gardens introduce natural elements that enhance aesthetics, improve air quality, and contribute to mental well-being. Planters in unique designs—such as metallic finishes, woven textures, or geometric shapes—integrate seamlessly into modern interiors, ensuring that the presence of greenery is both stylish and functional.
The influence of biophilic design extends beyond plants. Natural textures, organic shapes, and nature-inspired patterns reinforce a sense of connection to the outdoors. Wallpapers, textiles, and decorative surfaces featuring floral, leafy, or stone-inspired motifs bring an organic sensibility to the room, creating spaces that feel alive, refreshing, and restorative.
Lighting and Ambiance
Layered lighting remains essential to modern living room design. Combining ambient, task, and accent lighting ensures that the room is adaptable to multiple functions and moods. Pendant lights, chandeliers, and floor lamps serve as decorative focal points, while recessed and cove lighting provide subtle, indirect illumination. Smart lighting enhances flexibility, enabling homeowners to adjust brightness and colour temperature based on the time of day or activity.
Lighting design is carefully coordinated with furniture and spatial planning. Accent lighting highlights architectural features, artwork, or textured walls, while task lighting supports work or reading areas. By integrating lighting into the overall design strategy, living rooms achieve both functionality and aesthetic harmony, enhancing comfort, atmosphere, and usability.
Furniture Trends: Multifunctionality and Ergonomics
Furniture remains central to the adaptability and functionality of living rooms. Multifunctional designs, including modular sofas, foldable tables, convertible desks, and storage-integrated seating, allow rooms to adjust according to changing needs. Ergonomic considerations are also paramount, with seating designed to provide comfort, support posture, and accommodate extended periods of use.
Expandable and foldable furniture supports flexibility in compact urban homes. Murphy beds, foldable workstations, and modular seating allow rooms to transition seamlessly between leisure, work, and social activities. Hidden storage units, pull-out drawers, and vertical shelving optimize space while maintaining a clean, uncluttered aesthetic.
Final Thoughts
Living rooms in 2023 are more than just spaces for sitting and socializing—they are dynamic, multifunctional environments that reflect modern lifestyles, personal tastes, and evolving design sensibilities. From bold colour palettes and textured surfaces to modular furniture, smart technology, and biophilic elements, every trend emphasizes adaptability, comfort, and aesthetic appeal.
The overarching theme this year is balance: balancing bold colours with neutral backdrops, blending traditional design elements with contemporary styles, layering textures thoughtfully, and integrating technology seamlessly. Open and flexible layouts, multifunctional furniture, and smart lighting solutions allow living rooms to serve multiple purposes, from work and entertainment to relaxation and social interaction.
Sustainability and personalization are also central. Eco-friendly materials, curated decorative accents, and versatile layouts ensure that spaces remain functional, environmentally conscious, and uniquely reflective of the homeowner’s personality.
Ultimately, 2023 living room trends encourage homeowners to create spaces that are visually engaging, comfortable, and adaptable. By thoughtfully combining design, functionality, and lifestyle considerations, the modern living room becomes a true reflection of the people who inhabit it—a harmonious blend of style, practicality, and individuality.
