Nautical interior design, sometimes referred to as coastal or seaside-inspired design, has roots in the maritime traditions of New England, Hamptons, and Cape Cod homes. These regions, historically dependent on fishing and maritime trade, naturally infused their interiors with elements inspired by the sea. From ship wheels to fishing nets, from anchors to weathered wooden furniture, everything about their lifestyle seeped into their homes. Over time, these details evolved into a distinct design aesthetic now widely recognized as nautical style.
In the 1980s, nautical interiors briefly took center stage in the design world, especially in resort-style properties and vacation homes. Yet the trend faded as overly themed interiors lost appeal. But the demand for minimalism and natural elements in modern homes since 2022 has brought nautical interiors back with renewed sophistication. The style today does not rely on clichés of seashell collections or overly bold anchors but rather emphasizes organic textures, soothing shades of blue and white, airy spaces, and subtle references to the ocean.
This modern revival of nautical interiors is about achieving a balance between the timeless charm of coastal living and the elegance of contemporary design. It is not only reserved for beach houses but is now adopted in urban apartments and countryside homes alike, where homeowners seek tranquility and a connection with nature.
Core Philosophy of Nautical Interiors
At its heart, nautical interior design is about evoking a sense of calm, lightness, and freedom. Just as the ocean offers vastness, openness, and relaxation, a nautical-inspired home translates those feelings indoors. The goal is not to recreate a ship cabin but to capture the essence of coastal serenity.
This philosophy rests on a few pillars. First, it prioritizes natural materials such as wood, linen, cotton, wicker, and rattan, which reflect the earthiness of life near the sea. Second, it embraces a light-filled space with wide windows and breezy curtains that allow sunlight and air to flow freely. Third, the style pays attention to color palettes, heavily drawing from shades of blue, white, beige, and sandy neutrals, occasionally accented with red or yellow for vibrancy. Finally, it balances functionality and relaxation, ensuring that the space feels welcoming and easy to live in.
Unlike overly ornate or maximalist designs, nautical interiors focus on simplicity and minimalism, with thoughtful details that whisper of the ocean rather than shout. The success of this design lies in restraint—knowing when to stop and letting textures and colors speak for themselves.
The Role of Colors in Nautical Interiors
One of the defining characteristics of nautical design is its reliance on specific color palettes. The shades are inspired by the ocean, the sky, sandy beaches, and sunlight. Blue and white are the undisputed champions of this style, representing water and air. Different variations of blue can be employed, ranging from navy blue for a bold touch to turquoise or aquamarine for a refreshing vibe. White is used to create openness and purity, often forming the background for other colors.
Accents of red, inspired by maritime signals and ship details, bring in vibrancy. Yellow or gold can be introduced sparingly to mimic sunshine and warmth. Beige, tan, and natural wood shades act as grounding neutrals, offering balance to the brighter tones.
In practical terms, these colors may appear on walls, furniture, or decorative accessories. For example, a living room might feature a navy and white striped rug, rattan furniture with beige cushions, and a set of marine-inspired artworks framed in wood. A bedroom might be styled with crisp white sheets, a pastel blue accent wall, and throw pillows with subtle patterns of seashells or waves.
This reliance on colors is crucial because it sets the mood. When done correctly, a space feels instantly calming and connected to nature, almost like stepping into a seaside retreat.
Natural Textures and Materials in Coastal Design
Textures are just as important as colors in creating nautical interiors. Since the aesthetic is rooted in coastal life, natural materials dominate. Linen and cotton are widely used for fabrics, offering breathability and comfort. Jute and sisal rugs add an earthy layer to flooring, while rattan or wicker furniture creates a casual and organic appeal.
Wood plays a major role, often in weathered or whitewashed finishes. This recalls driftwood washed ashore, adding authenticity and charm. Wooden flooring in lighter shades is common, as are wooden rafters or beams that add rustic character to ceilings.
Stone, too, finds its place in modern nautical interiors, particularly in bathrooms and kitchens. Neutral-colored stones like limestone or granite create a natural yet sophisticated backdrop.
Accessories crafted from rope, metal, or glass also add to the texture palette. Rope handles for cabinets, glass lamps reminiscent of old ship lanterns, or metallic anchor-shaped wall hangings bring subtle yet impactful details. These elements are not meant to overwhelm but to punctuate the design, reinforcing the theme without turning it into a caricature.
Patterns That Define Nautical Style
Beyond colors and textures, patterns are central to nautical interior design. The most iconic of these is the stripe, particularly blue and white stripes, which evoke the classic sailor look. Stripes may appear in rugs, upholstery, cushions, or wallpapers. They are versatile, timeless, and instantly recognizable.
Other patterns include nautical symbols such as anchors, ropes, compasses, or waves. While these motifs can be incorporated through wallpapers, artworks, or fabrics, modern nautical design suggests subtlety. For example, a pillow cover with a delicate wave pattern or wallpaper with abstract fish designs can nod to the sea without appearing overly themed.
Geometric patterns inspired by tiles are another way to incorporate depth and dimension. Rectangular or hexagonal tiles with textures reminiscent of water ripples can bring uniqueness to bathrooms or kitchen spaces. When paired with the right shades of blue or gray, these tiles provide both modernity and maritime charm.
Patterns, when layered thoughtfully, prevent monotony in interiors. They create rhythm and movement, much like the waves of the ocean. The key lies in mixing bold stripes with softer, more abstract prints to strike the right balance.
Evolution of Nautical Style in Modern Times
What sets today’s nautical interiors apart from their earlier iterations is their sophistication and adaptability. In the 1980s, nautical themes often leaned toward literal interpretations—homes might feature walls covered with seashells or heavy anchor motifs. While charming at the time, these designs sometimes felt forced or kitschy.
Modern nautical interiors, however, favor subtlety and minimalism. The goal is not to recreate the sea but to borrow inspiration from it. For instance, a modern nautical living room may showcase a sleek white sofa, accented with blue throw pillows, a driftwood coffee table, and a large window overlooking greenery. The look is calm, cohesive, and not overtly themed.
Urban homes have especially adapted the style by blending it with contemporary design principles. Apartments may use nautical accents sparingly, such as rope lamps or striped curtains, to avoid overwhelming smaller spaces. Meanwhile, larger houses may fully embrace the coastal aesthetic with open layouts, wooden floors, and expansive use of white and blue.
The revival of this style since 2022 owes much to global lifestyle trends emphasizing wellness, sustainability, and simplicity. In a fast-paced world, homeowners crave spaces that feel like sanctuaries. Nautical interiors deliver exactly that—calm, airy, and connected to nature.
Why Nautical Style Appeals Today
The resurgence of nautical interiors can be explained by the collective human yearning for tranquility. More than ever, people want homes that are not just functional but also nurturing. Nautical design offers a balance between beauty and comfort, between minimalism and warmth.
Unlike some design trends that prioritize aesthetics over practicality, nautical interiors are highly livable. The use of natural fabrics ensures comfort, the light color schemes expand space visually, and the focus on openness improves the flow of natural light and air. Moreover, the design lends itself well to sustainable living, given its reliance on organic textures and eco-friendly materials.
Another reason for its popularity is its versatility. Nautical interiors can be adapted to various settings, whether it is a beach house, a city apartment, or a countryside villa. The theme can be subtle, with just a few maritime accents, or it can be fully immersive with extensive use of blue, white, and nautical motifs. This flexibility allows homeowners to personalize the style according to their preferences.
Understanding the Role of Color in Nautical Interiors
Color is the cornerstone of nautical interior design. It dictates the mood, influences spatial perception, and brings the ocean-inspired theme to life. Traditionally, nautical interiors feature shades inspired by the sea, sky, and sand. Blue, in its many forms, represents the ocean—from deep navy reminiscent of night tides to aquamarine mirroring tropical waters. White complements these shades, creating light, airy, and expansive spaces.
Beyond blue and white, other colors can enrich a nautical-themed interior. Red, often found in maritime flags and life-saving equipment, brings energy and focal points when used sparingly. Yellow or gold evokes sunlight, warmth, and optimism. Sandy beige, ivory, and natural wood tones ground the design, providing texture and balance. Modern nautical interiors often employ these hues not just on walls, but also on furniture, fabrics, and accessories, creating a cohesive yet dynamic palette.
It is essential to remember that colors in nautical interiors are not about loud contrasts but subtle harmonies. The goal is to emulate the serenity and fluidity of coastal landscapes, where sky meets sea, and sand meets driftwood. Overuse of any color can disrupt this balance, making the room feel artificial or cluttered.
Using Blue and White for a Timeless Look
Blue and white is the most iconic color combination in nautical interiors. This pairing evokes calmness, openness, and a connection with water. Walls painted in crisp white amplify natural light and make spaces feel larger, while blue accents provide contrast and focus. Stripes, upholstery, rugs, and decorative elements often feature these colors.
In a living room, for example, a white sofa paired with navy blue cushions and a striped rug instantly brings coastal charm. Wooden coffee tables in driftwood shades, paired with whitewashed shelves, add authenticity and texture. In bedrooms, blue-and-white bedding and curtains convey tranquility, perfect for rest and relaxation.
The success of this color scheme lies in balance. White dominates walls and major furniture pieces, creating a neutral canvas. Blue serves as the accent, guiding the eye and defining zones within the room. Layering shades of blue—from pastel sky tones to deep navy—adds depth without overwhelming the senses.
Incorporating Accent Colors for Vibrancy
While blue and white form the foundation, accent colors inject personality and vibrancy into nautical interiors. Red is a classic choice, reminiscent of lifebuoys, flags, and sailing ropes. It works well in small doses, such as cushions, lampshades, or artwork. Yellow, representing sunlight and optimism, can brighten spaces subtly in vases, chairs, or decorative objects.
Pastel tones, such as muted aquas or soft corals, offer a modern twist, making the interior feel fresh and contemporary. Green, often overlooked, can be introduced through indoor plants or textured fabrics, adding an organic and earthy feel that complements the natural coastal theme.
When using accent colors, the principle is restraint. Overuse can overpower the calming blue-and-white base. Instead, accents should guide the eye, create focal points, and enrich the narrative of the space.
Patterns That Define Nautical Interiors
Patterns are integral to nautical design, reinforcing the seaside-inspired theme while adding visual interest. Stripes are the most recognizable motif, evoking sailor uniforms, boat sails, and coastal signage. Blue-and-white stripes can appear on cushions, curtains, rugs, and even wallpaper. They provide a classic look while maintaining the airy, light-filled ambiance of nautical interiors.
Other maritime motifs, such as anchors, compasses, waves, and shells, can be incorporated subtly through wall art, wallpapers, or small decorative pieces. Modern design trends favor abstraction over literal representation, allowing these motifs to blend seamlessly into contemporary interiors. For instance, a wallpaper featuring abstract wave patterns in muted blues can suggest the ocean without being kitschy.
Geometric patterns inspired by tiles also contribute to nautical interiors, particularly in bathrooms and kitchens. Hexagonal tiles, textured finishes, and patterns mimicking water ripples create a modern and sophisticated coastal vibe. Combining these with natural wood or navy cabinetry results in spaces that feel both stylish and relaxing.
Applying Nautical Themes Room by Room
Living Room
The living room is often the centerpiece of nautical interior design. Walls painted in crisp white or pale blue create a light and airy atmosphere. A large area rug with blue-and-white stripes can define the seating area. Furniture in natural wood or whitewashed finishes complements the color scheme.
Textured upholstery, such as linen or cotton, contributes to a relaxed coastal vibe. Incorporating accessories like driftwood coffee tables, nautical-themed artwork, or rope accents reinforces the theme subtly. Large windows, sheer curtains, and natural light enhance the sense of openness, making the room feel connected to nature.
For added depth, one wall can feature a nautical-themed mural or printed wallpaper, depicting abstract ocean scenes or coastal landscapes. This focal point draws attention without overpowering the room, maintaining a sophisticated balance between theme and elegance.
Kitchen
Nautical kitchens blend functionality with coastal charm. Blue and white stripes can be incorporated through bar stools, kitchen mats, or dishware. Cabinets in navy or aquamarine provide a striking contrast against white countertops and walls. Natural wood or rattan shelving and accessories add texture and warmth.
Rope handles, maritime-inspired light fixtures, and subtle metallic accents evoke coastal life while maintaining modernity. A light-filled kitchen, with open shelving displaying ceramics and glassware, fosters a welcoming, relaxed atmosphere. Strategic use of accent colors such as red or yellow adds vibrancy without disrupting the nautical palette.
Bedroom
Bedrooms in nautical interiors prioritize serenity and restfulness. Crisp white walls, complemented by varying shades of blue in bedding, curtains, and cushions, create a calm retreat. Striped fabrics, either in blue-and-white or soft pastels, provide visual interest while maintaining cohesion with the overall theme.
Incorporating natural textures such as woven rugs, jute baskets, or rattan furniture enhances the coastal ambiance. Accent pieces like maritime-inspired lamps, wall art, or bed frames with sailboat motifs subtly reinforce the nautical aesthetic. The emphasis is on creating a space that feels airy, relaxing, and uncluttered, in harmony with the principles of seaside living.
Bathroom
Bathrooms present a unique opportunity to explore nautical design through tiles and textures. Hexagonal or textured tiles in shades of blue and white mimic the flow of water. Wooden or whitewashed cabinets add warmth and contrast. Rope handles, glass accessories, and metallic fixtures reminiscent of ship hardware subtly enhance the theme.
Incorporating natural stone countertops, seashell decorations, or marine-inspired murals can transform a simple bathroom into a coastal oasis. The key is balance—creating visual interest without overwhelming the senses, ensuring the space remains serene and functional.
Children’s Bedroom
Children’s bedrooms offer flexibility for playful nautical designs. Sailboat-shaped headboards, striped bedding, and marine-themed accessories can create an imaginative environment. Red, blue, and white form the primary palette, while pastel tones soften the look. Modular storage ensures functionality as children grow, and organic elements such as ropes, wooden furniture, or jute rugs reinforce the theme sustainably.
Accents should be easy to update, allowing the room to evolve with the child’s interests. The goal is to create a room that feels lively and adventurous while maintaining cohesion with the broader nautical interior style of the home.
Home Office
A home office can also embrace nautical inspiration without compromising professionalism. Blue walls or accent pieces create a calm and focused environment. White desks and natural wood shelves enhance brightness and openness. Subtle maritime elements, such as rope detailing, nautical prints, or a driftwood desk accessory, add personality without distraction.
Incorporating natural light and organizing the space efficiently aligns with both modern design principles and the relaxed, open-air feel central to nautical interiors. The result is a home office that is functional, inspiring, and seamlessly connected to the overarching coastal theme.
Combining Textures, Colors, and Patterns
The magic of nautical interiors lies in the interplay of colors, patterns, and textures. Blue-and-white stripes on fabrics contrast with the earthy tones of jute rugs or rattan furniture. Soft linen cushions complement the crispness of white-painted walls. Wooden beams or driftwood decor provide warmth and authenticity against cooler blues and whites.
This layering ensures that the space feels dynamic rather than flat. Every element—from floor to ceiling, furniture to decor—contributes to a harmonious and immersive coastal environment. The challenge is to integrate these elements naturally, avoiding clutter while creating a sense of depth and continuity.
Modern nautical interiors favor minimalism and functionality. Decorative items should be meaningful, chosen carefully to reflect the theme without overwhelming it. Subtle nods to the sea, whether through textures, motifs, or color accents, create a cohesive story throughout the home.
Tips for Maintaining Balance in Nautical Interiors
Maintaining balance is crucial in nautical design. While the ocean-inspired theme is versatile, it can easily feel overwhelming if overdone. A few guiding principles help sustain harmony. First, prioritize natural light and open spaces to echo the expansive feel of the sea. Second, balance strong colors with neutral tones, ensuring blue or red accents do not dominate.
Third, blend textures thoughtfully—smooth surfaces with woven materials, matte finishes with glossy accents, and soft fabrics with hard woods. Fourth, use patterns sparingly and strategically to avoid visual chaos. Stripes, geometric tiles, and subtle maritime motifs should serve as accents rather than primary features.
The Importance of Furniture in Nautical Interior Design
Furniture is a cornerstone of any interior design style, and nautical interiors are no exception. The right furniture not only provides functionality but also establishes the overall aesthetic and mood of a space. Nautical interiors rely heavily on natural materials and textures, drawing inspiration from coastal life. Furniture choices should reflect this theme without being overly literal or gimmicky.
Wooden furniture is a hallmark of nautical interiors, particularly pieces made from light-colored or whitewashed wood. Driftwood tables, reclaimed wooden shelves, and teak cabinets evoke the essence of the seaside while adding warmth and character to the room. Rattan, wicker, and bamboo pieces also contribute to the relaxed, beach-inspired vibe, offering casual comfort while enhancing visual interest.
Furniture in nautical interiors often balances form and function. Oversized sofas or sectional seating in neutral fabrics allow for socializing, reading, or relaxing, while small side tables, ottomans, and storage units offer practical solutions without cluttering the space. The focus is on simplicity, comfort, and natural elegance.
Selecting Upholstery for Nautical Interiors
Upholstery plays a critical role in reinforcing the nautical theme, providing both color and texture. Linen, cotton, and canvas fabrics are preferred for their natural, breathable qualities. These materials evoke casual comfort, aligning with the laid-back, seaside aesthetic.
Color choices for upholstery should harmonize with the overall palette of blues, whites, and neutrals. Blue-and-white striped fabrics are iconic, often used for sofa covers, cushions, or armchairs. These stripes evoke classic sailor uniforms while maintaining a sophisticated appearance. Navy, pastel blues, aquamarine, and muted greys can also be employed for larger upholstered pieces, creating depth and contrast within the room.
Patterns on upholstery should be considered carefully. Nautical motifs such as anchors, ropes, and seashells can be incorporated subtly through cushions or accent chairs. Abstract wave or ocean-inspired patterns offer a modern twist, maintaining the coastal feel without overwhelming the room. Mixing patterns and textures adds richness and interest, but it is essential to maintain balance to avoid visual clutter.
For outdoor spaces, such as balconies or terraces, weather-resistant fabrics in neutral tones with blue accents are ideal. Rattan or wicker furniture paired with striped cushions creates a seamless extension of the indoor nautical theme, allowing for cohesive design from interior to exterior.
Incorporating Natural Materials in Furniture Design
Natural materials are central to nautical interiors, adding authenticity, texture, and warmth. Wood is a primary material, used in flooring, furniture, ceiling beams, and decorative accents. Lighter woods such as oak, maple, pine, and ash work particularly well, evoking sun-bleached driftwood commonly found along coastlines. Whitewashed finishes further enhance this effect, creating a relaxed and airy ambiance.
Rattan and wicker furniture are not only visually appealing but also practical. Their lightweight nature allows flexibility in arranging spaces, and their woven textures add depth and tactile interest. Chairs, benches, and coffee tables in these materials fit seamlessly into living rooms, bedrooms, and outdoor areas, reinforcing the casual, beach-inspired aesthetic.
Other natural materials, such as jute, sisal, and seagrass, are often used for rugs, storage baskets, or light fixtures. These elements introduce earthy tones and textures, grounding the cool blues and whites typical of nautical interiors. Stone accents, particularly in kitchens or bathrooms, provide contrast while maintaining a natural, coastal feel. Combining these materials thoughtfully creates harmony and ensures that the design feels cohesive and organic.
Choosing the Right Lighting for Nautical Interiors
Lighting is a key component in achieving the serene, open atmosphere characteristic of nautical interiors. Natural light is prioritized wherever possible. Large windows, sheer curtains, and open layouts allow sunlight to flood spaces, mimicking the bright, airy feeling of being near the ocean.
Artificial lighting should complement this natural brightness while adding warmth and functionality. Pendant lights, chandeliers, and wall sconces in metal finishes like brushed brass, bronze, or nickel are popular choices. Lighting fixtures inspired by ship lanterns or maritime hardware subtly reinforce the theme without being overtly literal.
Task lighting in kitchens, home offices, or reading nooks should be both functional and stylistically consistent. Adjustable wall-mounted lamps, swing-arm fixtures, or table lamps in natural materials or nautical colors enhance usability while maintaining design integrity. Soft, warm lighting promotes a relaxed atmosphere, ideal for living rooms and bedrooms.
Layering lighting is also effective. Combining ambient, task, and accent lighting allows for flexibility in mood and function. For instance, in a living room, a central pendant or chandelier provides general illumination, while table lamps and wall sconces add focused light for reading and ambiance. Accent lighting can highlight artwork, textured walls, or marine-inspired decor, creating depth and interest.
Furniture Layout and Space Planning in Nautical Interiors
Effective space planning is essential to fully realize the nautical interior design aesthetic. Open, uncluttered layouts are preferred, reflecting the expansive feel of coastal landscapes. Furniture should be arranged to encourage flow and conversation while maintaining visual harmony.
In living rooms, sectional sofas or a combination of sofas and armchairs define seating zones. Coffee tables made from driftwood, reclaimed wood, or rattan serve as focal points. Side tables and storage units should complement the overall color scheme and material palette without dominating the space.
In bedrooms, positioning the bed as the centerpiece allows other furniture, such as nightstands, dressers, and seating, to support the main focal point. Natural materials, blue-and-white fabrics, and nautical accents reinforce the theme, creating a cohesive retreat.
Kitchens benefit from functional layouts that integrate style. Blue or white cabinetry, natural wood countertops, and maritime-inspired hardware create a visual connection to the nautical theme. Islands or breakfast counters with bar stools featuring striped upholstery introduce patterns without overwhelming the room.
For children’s rooms, flexibility is key. Modular furniture, storage solutions, and themed accents allow the space to evolve with the child’s interests. Nautical motifs can be playful yet subtle, maintaining cohesion with the broader interior design.
Outdoor Spaces and Nautical Influence
Outdoor areas, such as patios, balconies, or terraces, can extend the nautical theme beyond interior walls. Furniture in rattan, wicker, teak, or other natural materials blends seamlessly with the coastal aesthetic. Cushions and fabrics in blue-and-white stripes or subtle marine-inspired patterns reinforce the theme.
Lighting outdoors can also contribute to the ambiance. Lantern-style lights, soft string lighting, or wall-mounted fixtures in metal finishes evoke maritime charm. Accessories like planters in natural materials, driftwood decorations, and marine-inspired accents further connect outdoor spaces to the nautical narrative.
Creating a cohesive flow between indoor and outdoor areas enhances the overall sense of openness and serenity. A well-designed outdoor space allows homeowners to experience the calming effects of the coastal aesthetic throughout their property, making the entire home feel unified and immersive.
Accessorizing with Functional and Decorative Elements
Furniture, upholstery, and lighting form the foundation of nautical interiors, but accessories complete the story. Decorative objects, when chosen thoughtfully, can reinforce the theme and add character without overwhelming the space.
Rope accents are a versatile element. Rope handles for drawers, rope-wrapped lamp bases, or decorative knots can subtly reference maritime life. Nautical artwork, such as paintings of ships, abstract wave prints, or framed seashells, adds visual interest while staying consistent with the theme.
Functional accessories, including woven baskets, storage trunks, and trays in natural materials, provide organization and texture. Mirrors with wooden or rope frames enhance light and expand visual space, while marine-inspired clocks, globes, or compasses introduce subtle thematic touches.
When selecting accessories, moderation is key. The nautical aesthetic is defined by balance, natural textures, and calmness. Overdecorating can create clutter and detract from the serene atmosphere. Each item should contribute purposefully to the design narrative, either by providing functionality, texture, or visual interest.
Combining Contemporary and Traditional Nautical Furniture
Modern nautical interiors often blend contemporary minimalism with traditional coastal elements. Sleek furniture lines in white or natural wood provide a modern canvas, while woven textures, driftwood accents, and maritime motifs introduce traditional charm.
For instance, a minimalist white sofa with navy throw pillows can coexist with a reclaimed wood coffee table or a rattan armchair. In kitchens, contemporary cabinetry can be paired with rope handles or nautical-inspired pendant lights. This combination allows homeowners to enjoy the sophistication of modern interiors while maintaining the warmth and personality of coastal design.
Balancing old and new elements ensures the space feels curated rather than thematic. Modern furniture emphasizes functionality and simplicity, while traditional accents add character, history, and a connection to maritime life. The result is a harmonious, timeless aesthetic that appeals to a broad range of homeowners.
The Role of Decorative Accents in Nautical Interiors
Decorative accents are essential in completing the nautical look. While furniture, colors, and lighting establish the foundation of the design, accents bring personality, depth, and subtle reminders of the sea. The key to successful nautical decoration is moderation. Accessories should evoke maritime life without overwhelming the space or creating a kitschy appearance.
Natural elements are often the most effective accents. Driftwood sculptures, seashell arrangements, coral replicas, and smooth stones can be placed on shelves, side tables, or mantels. These objects connect the interior to the coastal environment, reinforcing the theme in a sophisticated manner.
Textiles, such as throw pillows, rugs, and curtains, provide another layer of decorative interest. Cushions with subtle nautical motifs—anchors, waves, ropes—can punctuate sofas or armchairs. Rugs in blue, white, or beige tones, with striped or geometric patterns, define spaces while contributing to the coastal narrative.
Metallic accents in brass, bronze, or nickel can reference maritime hardware, such as ship lanterns or nautical instruments. Lamps, candle holders, and small decorative items in these finishes add sophistication and a tactile contrast to softer fabrics and natural textures.
Wall Treatments for a Coastal Feel
Walls in nautical interiors are a canvas for creativity, texture, and thematic reinforcement. Beyond paint, several wall treatment options enhance the coastal aesthetic.
Painted Walls and Color Blocking
A simple yet effective approach is painting walls in shades of blue, white, or neutral sand tones. Walls in crisp white enhance natural light and make spaces feel airy, while blues provide depth and visual interest. Color blocking, with one wall painted a deeper navy or turquoise, can create a focal point, especially in living rooms or bedrooms.
For smaller spaces, using lighter shades on walls helps to expand the visual perception of the room. Accent walls in darker blues or with subtle patterns draw attention without overwhelming the senses. The goal is to evoke a connection with the sea while maintaining balance and openness.
Wallpaper and Murals
Wallpaper offers versatility and immediate impact, making it an excellent tool for nautical interiors. Modern wallpapers may feature abstract waves, soft ocean-inspired motifs, or muted maritime symbols. Unlike literal designs of old, contemporary wallpapers often adopt subtle colors and patterns that complement the overall palette of the room.
Murals, either hand-painted or wallpaper-based, can act as conversation pieces. Living rooms, dining areas, or bedrooms benefit from murals depicting abstract ocean scenes, coastal landscapes, or geometric interpretations of waves. These artistic elements provide a sense of depth and tranquility, aligning with the relaxing qualities of nautical interiors.
Wood Paneling and Wainscoting
Wood paneling, particularly in whitewashed or light natural finishes, is a traditional feature of coastal homes. Beadboard or shiplap paneling evokes the interiors of beach houses and boats, creating texture and architectural interest. Wainscoting, applied to the lower portion of walls, adds dimension while balancing the lighter wall color above.
Wooden accents can also frame windows, doors, or built-in furniture, further reinforcing the coastal aesthetic. Combining painted walls with wooden paneling creates a layered look that is both warm and sophisticated, embodying the essence of nautical design.
Wall Art and Frames
Artworks in nautical interiors should enhance the theme without dominating it. Prints or paintings of coastal landscapes, abstract ocean patterns, or subtle maritime motifs add character and color. Framing in natural wood or brushed metal complements other furniture and lighting elements.
Photographs of beach scenes, seascapes, or harbor views can personalize spaces while maintaining a thematic connection. Wall-mounted sculptures in driftwood, metal, or rope provide texture and visual interest, contributing to the layered, immersive feel of nautical interiors.
Flooring Choices for Nautical Interiors
Flooring is critical in setting the tone for any room, and nautical interiors prioritize natural, durable materials. Flooring should complement the color palette, textures, and overall aesthetic while offering practicality for daily living.
Hardwood Flooring
Hardwood is the most common choice in nautical interiors, particularly in lighter shades such as oak, ash, pine, or maple. Whitewashed or distressed finishes evoke driftwood, reinforcing the coastal feel. Hardwood flooring adds warmth, durability, and a timeless appeal to living rooms, bedrooms, and hallways.
The natural grain and texture of wood create visual interest, while area rugs in blue-and-white stripes or soft neutral tones provide contrast and define seating or sleeping areas. Wood flooring works well with both modern and traditional nautical interiors, offering versatility and continuity throughout the home.
Tile Flooring
Tiles are especially popular in kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoor areas. Hexagonal or geometric tiles with subtle textures evoke waves or ripples, adding sophistication to the design. Blue, white, or neutral-colored tiles integrate seamlessly into the coastal color palette.
Textured tiles provide depth, while smooth finishes offer a clean, modern look. In bathrooms, tiles may extend halfway up the walls or feature decorative borders, creating a cohesive and elegant nautical environment. Pairing tiles with wooden or rattan accents maintains warmth and softness, balancing the hard surfaces.
Natural Fiber Rugs and Mats
Rugs made from natural fibers such as jute, sisal, or seagrass are ideal for nautical interiors. They introduce earthy textures and neutral tones that anchor the space without competing with the color scheme. These rugs work well in living rooms, bedrooms, and even kitchens, providing comfort underfoot while reinforcing the seaside aesthetic.
Layering rugs is another effective technique. A large, neutral jute rug can serve as a base, while a smaller blue-and-white striped or geometric rug adds pattern and visual interest. This approach creates depth and defines zones within open-plan interiors.
Outdoor Flooring
Outdoor flooring should extend the nautical theme into terraces, balconies, or patios. Wooden decking in natural or whitewashed finishes evokes coastal boardwalks. Stone, slate, or textured tiles offer durability while complementing natural surroundings. Outdoor rugs in weather-resistant fibers with blue, white, or neutral tones unify seating areas, creating a cohesive indoor-outdoor flow.
Integrating Decorative Accents, Walls, and Floors
The true beauty of nautical interiors lies in the harmony between decorative accents, wall treatments, and flooring. Each element should complement the others, creating a cohesive environment that evokes coastal serenity.
Walls painted in calming blues or soft neutrals provide the canvas. Furniture, upholstery, and rugs introduce texture and pattern. Accessories, lighting, and artwork add subtle maritime references. Floors in wood, tile, or natural fibers ground the space while enhancing visual continuity. Together, these elements create a space that feels both relaxed and sophisticated, capturing the essence of seaside living.
Layering is crucial. A driftwood coffee table on a jute rug, paired with soft linen cushions in blue-and-white stripes, and walls featuring subtle murals or paneling, creates an immersive coastal experience. Accessories like rope-wrapped lamps, seashell arrangements, or marine-inspired artwork reinforce the theme while maintaining balance.
Maintaining Balance and Avoiding Clutter
A common challenge in nautical interiors is balancing decorative elements without creating clutter. The key is to prioritize simplicity, focus on natural materials, and use accents purposefully. Too many nautical motifs or overly literal decorations can make a space feel chaotic and gimmicky.
Instead, select a few statement pieces per room. For example, a driftwood mirror above a console table, a rope-wrapped lamp, or a single mural can serve as focal points. Complement these with subtle accents like cushions, rugs, or small sculptures. This approach ensures that the nautical theme is present but sophisticated, providing a calming and visually pleasing environment.
Lighting also plays a role in maintaining balance. Soft, layered lighting highlights textures and decorative elements without overpowering the room. Natural light should be maximized, particularly in spaces with blue and white color schemes, to create an airy and open feel.
Seasonal and Functional Considerations
Nautical interiors are versatile and adapt well to seasonal changes. Light textiles and removable cushions allow for easy refreshing in summer months. Rugs, throws, and heavier textiles can introduce warmth during colder months without compromising the theme.
Functional considerations include choosing durable materials that withstand daily use. Flooring, furniture, and fabrics should be practical for families, pets, or outdoor-adjacent areas. Selecting accessories that are easy to clean and maintain ensures that the coastal aesthetic remains beautiful over time.
The flexibility of nautical interiors allows homeowners to update or rotate decorative accents, change wall treatments, or swap rugs and cushions without undertaking major renovations. This adaptability contributes to the enduring appeal of the style, making it a practical yet elegant choice for contemporary living.
Designing a Nautical Kitchen
Color Palette and Cabinetry
The kitchen is a central hub in any home, and a nautical-themed kitchen combines functionality with coastal charm. A key element is the color palette, which should echo the serenity of the ocean and the crispness of sandy beaches. Shades of blue—from deep navy to soft pastel aquas—paired with white or light cream walls, form the foundation.
Cabinetry can be painted in navy, white, or muted turquoise to evoke a coastal feel. For a modern twist, consider two-tone cabinets: white on upper cabinets to keep the space airy and blue on lower cabinets for contrast. Natural wood countertops, butcher block islands, or white marble surfaces complement the palette while adding warmth and authenticity.
Hardware and fixtures play a subtle but important role. Brushed nickel, brass, or bronze handles, knobs, and faucets reference maritime equipment and enhance the nautical theme. Rope-wrapped drawer pulls or anchor-shaped knobs can serve as playful, yet understated accents, creating visual interest without overwhelming the design.
Flooring and Backsplash
Flooring should combine durability with aesthetic appeal. Hardwood in light or whitewashed finishes offers warmth, while ceramic or porcelain tiles in muted blues, whites, or natural tones provide practicality for high-traffic areas. Textured or hexagonal tiles can add visual depth reminiscent of rippling water.
Backsplashes are an excellent opportunity to introduce patterns or subtle maritime motifs. Blue-and-white tiles, mosaics mimicking waves, or geometric patterns in soft colors can create a focal point. For a modern approach, glass or subway tiles in shades of blue or aqua provide a clean, reflective surface, enhancing natural light and making the space feel open.
Furniture and Seating
Breakfast nooks, bar stools, and dining furniture offer opportunities to reinforce the nautical theme. Upholstered seats in blue-and-white stripes, linen, or cotton fabrics convey a coastal vibe while maintaining comfort. Wooden tables in natural or whitewashed finishes anchor the space and provide a connection to the broader design aesthetic.
Rope accents on seating or stools evoke maritime references subtly. Open shelving with driftwood or natural wood finishes can display nautical-inspired dishware, glassware, or small decorative objects, creating a cohesive and lived-in feel.
Lighting and Accessories
Lighting is both functional and thematic in a nautical kitchen. Pendant lights over islands or dining areas in metal finishes, such as brushed nickel or bronze, provide illumination while referencing maritime lanterns. Recessed lighting or under-cabinet LED strips ensure practical workspace lighting.
Accessories should reinforce the coastal aesthetic without overcrowding surfaces. Ceramic or glass vases in shades of blue, nautical-themed trivets, and minimalistic wall art depicting seascapes or abstract waves can elevate the space. Indoor plants, such as succulents or herbs in natural pots, introduce an organic element and freshen the environment.
Nautical Bathroom Design
Walls, Tiles, and Color Scheme
Bathrooms in nautical interiors offer opportunities for creativity with tiles and textures. Walls can be painted in crisp whites or soft blues to create a serene, airy atmosphere. Tiles play a key role in evoking the coastal theme. Hexagonal, textured, or mosaic tiles in shades of blue, white, or sand create visual depth while reflecting water patterns.
Accent tiles, such as a band of wave-patterned or sea-inspired mosaic tiles, add personality and serve as a focal point. For modern bathrooms, large-format tiles in soft blue or white maintain a sleek, uncluttered appearance. Combining tile patterns with wooden or whitewashed cabinetry introduces warmth and authenticity, balancing the cool tones of the room.
Fixtures and Furniture
Bathroom fixtures should prioritize both style and functionality. White porcelain sinks, freestanding bathtubs, and minimalistic vanities complement the coastal palette. Faucets and showerheads in brushed nickel, chrome, or antique bronze reinforce the nautical aesthetic.
Cabinetry in natural wood or painted in muted blues provides storage while contributing to the design theme. Open shelving with neatly organized towels, decorative glass jars, or seashell arrangements adds character without overcrowding the space.
Rope accents can be subtly incorporated through towel holders, shower curtain rods, or decorative elements. Mirrors with wooden, rope-wrapped, or metallic frames reflect light and enhance the spaciousness of the room.
Flooring and Textiles
Flooring in nautical bathrooms should be practical, durable, and visually cohesive with the theme. Porcelain or ceramic tiles in blue, white, or natural tones are ideal for moisture-prone areas. Textured tiles or patterns resembling water ripples add a sophisticated coastal touch.
Textiles such as towels, bath mats, and shower curtains can introduce patterns or colors without overwhelming the space. Stripes, soft blues, and whites are classic choices, while subtle maritime motifs add playful charm. Layering textiles enhances comfort and creates a cozy, inviting atmosphere.
Lighting and Ambiance
Lighting should balance practicality with mood. Recessed lighting ensures functional illumination for daily routines, while wall-mounted sconces or pendant lights with maritime-inspired finishes add charm. Soft, warm lighting enhances relaxation, particularly around bathtubs or vanities.
Adding candles, lantern-style fixtures, or subtle LED accent lighting can create a spa-like atmosphere, echoing the calmness of seaside retreats. Accessories such as small potted plants, driftwood trays, or glass jars with sand and shells further reinforce the nautical theme.
Nautical Children’s Room Design
Color Palette and Theme
Children’s bedrooms provide a playful opportunity to embrace nautical interiors. The color palette can remain within the coastal spectrum of blues, whites, and sandy neutrals while introducing vibrant accent colors such as red, yellow, or pastel tones. These accents can be used in bedding, rugs, or wall art, creating a lively and imaginative environment.
Themes such as sailboats, lighthouses, sea creatures, or pirates allow children to engage with the design. Walls painted in soft blue, complemented by murals, decals, or wallpaper featuring maritime motifs, create an immersive experience without feeling overwhelming.
Furniture and Storage
Functional furniture is crucial for children’s rooms. Beds with sailboat-shaped headboards or bunk beds resembling ships add character while maintaining practicality. Storage should be modular and adaptable, allowing the room to evolve with the child’s growth and interests.
White or light wood furniture provides a neutral backdrop for colorful textiles and decorative elements. Open shelves, baskets, and under-bed storage encourage organization while integrating seamlessly into the nautical theme.
Bedding, Textiles, and Patterns
Bedding, curtains, and rugs provide opportunities for introducing patterns and reinforcing the coastal aesthetic. Blue-and-white stripes are classic, while subtle maritime motifs, such as anchors, shells, or wave patterns, add charm. Soft pastels can be combined with brighter colors to balance energy and serenity within the space.
Layered textiles enhance comfort while adding depth. Cushions, throws, and rugs in complementary colors and textures tie the room together, maintaining a cohesive nautical feel.
Accessories and Decorative Elements
Decorative accessories allow for playful yet subtle reinforcement of the theme. Wall art, framed prints, or canvas paintings featuring ships, lighthouses, or ocean scenes create visual interest. Nautical-inspired lamps, clocks, and small decorative items like model sailboats or rope knots add personality and charm.
Rope elements, such as handles, hooks, or curtain tiebacks, introduce texture and reference maritime life. The key is moderation—too many themed items can overwhelm the space. Instead, select a few statement pieces and complement them with neutral, functional furniture and textiles.
Flooring and Lighting
Flooring in children’s rooms should be durable, comfortable, and visually cohesive with the nautical theme. Hardwood or laminate in light finishes works well, while rugs in blue-and-white stripes or soft coastal patterns provide warmth and define play or sleeping areas.
Lighting should balance functionality and theme. Ceiling fixtures in white or brushed metal, complemented by bedside lamps with nautical-inspired bases or shades, ensure adequate illumination. Soft, warm lighting promotes relaxation while maintaining a cheerful, playful ambiance.
Flexibility and Adaptability
Children’s rooms should be flexible, allowing the design to adapt as the child grows. Modular furniture, removable decals or wall art, and interchangeable textiles ensure that the nautical theme can evolve without requiring a complete redesign. This adaptability makes the room functional, playful, and enduringly stylish.
Creating Cohesion Across Rooms
Kitchens, bathrooms, and children’s rooms in nautical interiors should maintain visual cohesion with the rest of the home. A consistent color palette of blues, whites, and neutral tones, combined with natural materials and subtle maritime motifs, ensures a seamless flow.
Patterns and textures can be varied between rooms to create individuality while staying connected to the overall theme. For example, a kitchen may feature geometric tiles and striped seating, a bathroom may use wave-inspired mosaics and rope accents, and a children’s room may incorporate playful murals and themed bedding.
Lighting, furniture, and flooring should reflect the broader aesthetic, balancing functionality with coastal charm. By integrating these elements thoughtfully, each room feels both unique and part of a cohesive, maritime-inspired home.
Practical Tips for Nautical Interiors in Functional Spaces
Functionality is as important as aesthetics in kitchens, bathrooms, and children’s rooms. Prioritize practical materials that withstand daily use while maintaining the design theme.
In kitchens, choose durable surfaces, easy-to-clean fabrics, and versatile seating arrangements. Bathrooms benefit from moisture-resistant finishes, functional storage, and slip-resistant flooring. Children’s rooms require adaptable furniture, washable textiles, and safe, sturdy materials.
Accessories should enhance both function and style. Storage baskets, modular shelving, and multi-purpose furniture keep spaces organized while reinforcing the coastal aesthetic. Thoughtful integration of practical elements ensures that nautical interiors remain livable and comfortable for all family members.
Bringing Cohesion to Your Entire Home
Creating a cohesive nautical theme throughout the home is about balance, continuity, and thoughtful design choices. While individual rooms like the living room, kitchen, or bathroom may have their own specific interpretations of coastal design, maintaining consistency in color palettes, materials, and decorative motifs ensures a unified aesthetic.
Shades of blue, white, and sand tones form the primary palette. Neutral accents like taupe, beige, or soft greys complement these colors and prevent monotony. Introduce darker tones such as navy or charcoal selectively, for contrast and depth. Natural textures such as wood, wicker, rattan, jute, and linen should flow from one room to another, providing tactile continuity.
Consistency in hardware, lighting, and accessories strengthens the thematic connection between spaces. Brushed metal finishes, rope accents, and maritime-inspired fixtures subtly echo the nautical theme throughout the home. Maintaining cohesion across rooms does not require exact repetition; rather, it is about harmonizing materials, textures, and color schemes to create a seamless experience.
Personalizing Nautical Interiors
Personalization is essential to ensure that a nautical interior reflects the personality and lifestyle of its inhabitants. While coastal elements provide the foundation, integrating personal touches makes the space distinctive and inviting.
Artwork, photographs, and memorabilia from seaside vacations can evoke memories and reinforce the maritime theme. Incorporating family heirlooms, handcrafted objects, or travel souvenirs in natural or coastal finishes creates a meaningful connection to the space.
Custom furniture pieces can be designed to reflect the home’s specific needs while adhering to the nautical aesthetic. For example, a driftwood-inspired coffee table, rope-wrapped shelving, or a bespoke headboard featuring maritime motifs combines functionality with thematic consistency.
Textiles also offer an avenue for personalization. Cushions, rugs, throws, and bedding in preferred patterns, colors, or fabrics allow homeowners to express individuality while maintaining alignment with the coastal color palette. Subtle variations in stripes, geometric patterns, or textures can introduce character without straying from the nautical theme.
Incorporating Greenery and Natural Elements
Plants and natural elements are vital to creating a calming, seaside-inspired environment. Indoor plants not only enhance aesthetics but also contribute to air quality and overall wellbeing. Choose plants that thrive indoors and complement the coastal vibe, such as ferns, palms, succulents, or snake plants.
Planters in natural materials like rattan, wicker, clay, or driftwood provide a seamless integration with nautical interiors. Hanging planters or wall-mounted plant holders can add vertical interest and soften architectural lines. Additionally, terrariums, glass jars with sand and shells, or small aquariums offer creative ways to introduce nature into the home.
Natural materials like driftwood, stones, and seashells further reinforce the theme. Decorative bowls filled with smooth stones or shells, driftwood sculptures, or small collections of coral can be strategically placed on shelves, tables, or windowsills. These elements introduce texture, color, and a tangible connection to coastal environments.
Enhancing Relaxation and Comfort
Nautical interiors are inherently calming, and the ultimate goal is to create spaces that evoke relaxation and tranquility. Furniture and layouts should prioritize comfort without sacrificing style. Soft cushions, layered throws, and textured rugs enhance the tactile experience while supporting the visual theme.
Seating arrangements should encourage social interaction and relaxation. Oversized sofas, cozy armchairs, and window seats provide areas for reading, conversation, or quiet reflection. Incorporating natural light, soft ambient lighting, and layered illumination enhances the feeling of serenity.
Bedrooms and bathrooms should especially emphasize comfort. Linen or cotton bedding in coastal colors, plush bath mats, and textured towels contribute to a spa-like atmosphere. In bathrooms, freestanding tubs, natural stone or wood surfaces, and soft lighting enhance the sense of a coastal retreat.
Functional Considerations in Nautical Interiors
While aesthetics are central, functionality should not be overlooked. Nautical interiors must accommodate everyday life while maintaining thematic integrity. Durable, easy-to-clean surfaces in high-traffic areas like kitchens and bathrooms are essential. Hardwood, tile, or water-resistant materials ensure longevity and practicality.
Storage solutions should be integrated seamlessly into the design. Woven baskets, modular shelving, built-in cabinetry, and storage benches provide organization while reinforcing the coastal aesthetic. Multi-functional furniture, such as ottomans with storage or extendable tables, enhances practicality without compromising style.
Lighting design should balance ambiance with functionality. Layered lighting—ambient, task, and accent—ensures adequate illumination for daily activities while highlighting design elements. Maritime-inspired pendant lights, sconces, and table lamps contribute to both aesthetics and usability.
Balancing Minimalism and Thematic Expression
Modern nautical interiors often lean toward minimalism, emphasizing simplicity, open spaces, and natural light. Minimalist design allows the coastal theme to shine without feeling cluttered or kitschy.
Select statement pieces to anchor each room—a driftwood coffee table, a marine-inspired mural, or a rope-wrapped chandelier—while keeping the remaining décor subtle. Neutral backgrounds, simple furniture lines, and restrained patterns allow thematic elements to stand out.
Layered textures, such as woven rugs, linen upholstery, or jute curtains, add depth and tactile interest without overcrowding. This balance between minimalism and thematic expression ensures that the home feels serene, sophisticated, and authentically coastal.
Creating Focal Points in Each Room
Focal points guide the eye and create visual interest in nautical interiors. In living rooms, a statement wall with subtle marine-inspired wallpaper or a piece of artwork can serve as a focal point. In kitchens, a central island with bold-colored cabinetry or a patterned backsplash draws attention.
Bedrooms benefit from distinctive headboards, textured bedding, or accent walls. Bathrooms can feature statement mirrors, freestanding bathtubs, or textured tiles as eye-catching elements. Even in children’s rooms, playful focal points like a sailboat-themed bed or a mural encourage engagement while maintaining the overall design aesthetic.
Focal points should harmonize with the room’s function and not disrupt circulation or comfort. They provide a visual anchor, enhancing the thematic narrative without overwhelming the space.
Integrating Technology and Modern Living
Nautical interiors can be adapted to modern living without compromising the coastal theme. Technology such as integrated lighting, smart home systems, or built-in entertainment units can be seamlessly incorporated using natural finishes, concealed wiring, or furniture that complements the aesthetic.
Televisions, sound systems, and appliances can be framed or housed within cabinetry that matches the room’s color palette. Smart lighting and climate control enhance comfort while maintaining the relaxed, airy atmosphere central to nautical interiors.
Blending technology with thematic design ensures that the home remains functional, contemporary, and aesthetically cohesive. By concealing or integrating modern elements thoughtfully, the nautical aesthetic remains uninterrupted.
Outdoor Spaces and Nautical Continuity
Outdoor areas are an extension of interior spaces in nautical design. Patios, balconies, and gardens should echo the color palette, textures, and materials used inside. Wooden decking, stone pathways, or textured tiles maintain visual consistency.
Outdoor furniture in rattan, wicker, or treated wood, combined with cushions in coastal colors, ensures comfort and style. Rope accents, lanterns, and maritime-inspired décor further reinforce the theme. Planters with coastal vegetation, such as palms or grasses, tie the outdoor and indoor spaces together.
Creating continuity between indoor and outdoor spaces enhances the immersive coastal experience. It allows homeowners to enjoy the serenity and charm of nautical interiors throughout their property.
Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Choices
Sustainable design is increasingly important in modern interiors, including nautical-themed homes. Choosing eco-friendly materials, such as reclaimed wood, natural fibers, and non-toxic paints, supports environmental responsibility while maintaining design integrity.
Energy-efficient appliances, LED lighting, and water-saving fixtures reduce resource consumption. Selecting durable, long-lasting materials ensures that furniture, flooring, and textiles endure over time, reducing waste and the need for frequent replacement.
Integrating sustainability does not compromise the aesthetic; rather, it complements the natural, coastal-inspired theme, reinforcing a connection to the environment and promoting mindful living.
Conclusion
Nautical interior design offers a timeless, calming, and sophisticated approach to home décor. By thoughtfully integrating furniture, lighting, decorative accents, wall treatments, flooring, and functional spaces, homeowners can create an immersive coastal experience.
From living rooms and kitchens to bathrooms, children’s rooms, and outdoor spaces, the nautical aesthetic provides flexibility, personalization, and a sense of serenity. Natural materials, subtle maritime motifs, and a consistent color palette ensure a cohesive and harmonious environment.
Ultimately, the success of nautical interiors lies in balance: blending thematic elements with comfort, practicality, and personal expression. With careful planning and attention to detail, a home inspired by the sea can be transformed into a tranquil, stylish, and enduring sanctuary that reflects both the beauty of coastal life and the individuality of its inhabitants.
