Space optimization has become paramount in contemporary living arrangements, particularly for urban dwellers facing spatial constraints. Among ingenious furniture innovations, wall-mounted Murphy beds represent revolutionary solutions that seamlessly blend functionality with aesthetic appeal. These remarkable space-saving mechanisms offer transformative capabilities that convert any room into versatile living quarters while maintaining comfort and style.
Understanding Wall-Mounted Murphy Bed Fundamentals
Wall-mounted Murphy beds, also recognized as concealed folding beds or vertical storage beds, exemplify sophisticated engineering merged with practical design philosophy. These exceptional furniture pieces operate through carefully calibrated spring mechanisms or pneumatic systems that enable effortless folding operations. When not utilized, these beds disappear entirely into wall cavities or custom-built enclosures, creating additional floor space for various activities.
The conceptual brilliance behind these space-efficient sleeping solutions lies in their ability to serve dual purposes without compromising either function. During daytime hours, rooms equipped with wall-mounted Murphy beds can accommodate office work, entertainment, exercise routines, or social gatherings. When evening approaches, simple mechanical activation transforms these spaces into comfortable sleeping quarters.
Modern iterations of wall-mounted Murphy beds incorporate advanced safety mechanisms, ensuring secure positioning during both storage and deployment phases. Counterbalance systems distribute weight evenly, while locking mechanisms prevent accidental closure during use. These sophisticated features guarantee user safety while maintaining operational simplicity.
Installation Approaches: Permanent Versus Portable Solutions
In the world of contemporary interior design, space optimization is a critical factor, particularly in smaller living environments where multifunctional furniture plays a significant role. One of the most innovative solutions to emerge in recent years is the wall-mounted Murphy bed. These beds offer a versatile solution to homeowners looking to save space without sacrificing comfort or functionality. Murphy beds can be categorized into two primary types based on their installation methods: permanent and portable solutions. Understanding the differences between these approaches is essential for homeowners, renters, and interior designers to make informed decisions tailored to specific needs and preferences.
Permanent Wall-Mounted Murphy Bed Installations
Permanent wall-mounted Murphy bed installations represent a more traditional and integrated approach to maximizing space. These systems are typically secured directly into the structural elements of the wall, allowing the bed to seamlessly fold away when not in use. A permanent installation offers the advantage of superior stability and durability, making it an ideal choice for those who intend to use the bed regularly in a fixed location.
Advantages of Permanent Installations
The primary advantage of permanent wall-mounted Murphy beds lies in their superior stability. When properly mounted, the bed is anchored securely to the wall, creating a solid sleeping surface with minimal risk of shifting or instability. This is particularly important for heavier sleepers or individuals who require extra support. Additionally, permanent installations typically feature reinforced frames that are capable of supporting a higher weight capacity than their portable counterparts. As a result, these systems are well-suited for full-time use or for spaces where the bed will be frequently accessed.
Another significant benefit of permanent installations is the seamless integration with the existing architecture of the room. Since the bed is mounted directly to the wall, it can often blend into the design of the room, becoming almost invisible when not in use. Many designs incorporate cabinetry or custom finishes that match the surrounding decor, further enhancing the aesthetic appeal and functionality of the space.
Moreover, permanent wall-mounted systems are generally more secure and durable than portable solutions. The bed’s frame and mechanism are built to withstand daily use and offer long-term performance without the risk of wear and tear. This makes them a preferred choice for homeowners who value stability, aesthetic integration, and durability.
Installation Considerations for Permanent Systems
While the benefits of permanent wall-mounted Murphy beds are clear, it’s essential to note that their installation requires a higher level of expertise and planning. The process typically involves securing the bed frame into the wall studs or structural supports, which requires precise measurements to ensure a secure and level installation. Professional installation is often recommended, as improper mounting could result in safety hazards or structural damage.
Additionally, permanent installations often necessitate minor structural modifications to the wall. This might include reinforcing the wall to support the weight of the bed, especially if the bed is designed to accommodate a larger mattress size or heavier frame. Homeowners should be prepared for the possibility of drywall repair or the need to adjust the layout of the room to accommodate the bed’s installation.
Limitations of Permanent Installations
While permanent wall-mounted Murphy beds offer many benefits, they also come with certain limitations. The most obvious disadvantage is that these beds are not easily movable. Once installed, the bed becomes a permanent fixture in the room, making it difficult to relocate without significant effort. This could be a drawback for renters or individuals living in spaces where permanent modifications are not allowed.
Furthermore, permanent installations may require additional maintenance or repairs over time, especially if the bed mechanism experiences wear. While durable, these systems are not immune to issues such as springs losing tension or the bed frame becoming misaligned. As a result, periodic maintenance may be necessary to ensure the bed continues to function smoothly.
Portable Wall-Mounted Murphy Bed Systems
In contrast to permanent installations, portable wall-mounted Murphy bed systems offer greater flexibility and ease of relocation. These units do not require any structural modifications to the wall and can be set up in virtually any room. Instead of being mounted directly to the wall, portable Murphy beds rely on tension mechanisms, weighted bases, or freestanding frames to provide stability. This makes them an ideal solution for rental properties, temporary accommodations, or situations where permanent modifications are prohibited.
Advantages of Portable Installations
One of the most significant advantages of portable wall-mounted Murphy beds is their portability. Unlike permanent installations, these units can be easily relocated to different areas within a room or even to entirely different rooms without requiring any structural alterations. This makes them an excellent option for renters who may move frequently or for individuals who want the flexibility to rearrange their living spaces without the constraints of a fixed installation.
Portable Murphy beds are also ideal for temporary living situations or for those who require a space-saving solution in a multi-functional room. For example, a portable Murphy bed can be used in a home office or guest room, where it can be stowed away during the day to create a functional workspace. When guests arrive, the bed can be easily deployed to provide a comfortable sleeping area. The flexibility of these systems makes them well-suited for environments where the bed’s use is occasional or where space is limited.
Installation Considerations for Portable Systems
One of the key benefits of portable wall-mounted Murphy beds is that they require little to no installation. Since they don’t require any modifications to the wall or structural supports, setting up a portable Murphy bed is typically a quick and easy process. This makes them a convenient option for renters or individuals who want to avoid the hassle and expense of professional installation.
However, while the installation process is simpler, there are still a few factors to consider. Portable Murphy beds often require a stable, level surface to ensure proper function and safety. The tension mechanisms or weighted bases used in these systems must be properly calibrated to provide adequate support when the bed is in use. Additionally, the bed frame and mattress may be somewhat less sturdy compared to permanent systems, which can result in a reduced weight capacity. Therefore, it’s important to choose a model that meets your specific needs in terms of comfort and support.
Limitations of Portable Installations
While portable wall-mounted Murphy beds offer flexibility, they also come with certain limitations. The primary disadvantage is that these systems tend to have a lower weight capacity compared to permanent installations. Since portable units do not rely on structural wall mounts, their weight support is typically distributed across the floor or the frame’s tension mechanism. As a result, portable systems may not be as suitable for individuals who require extra support or for heavy-duty use.
Additionally, while portable systems are designed to be moved, they may not always blend as seamlessly into the room's decor. Unlike permanent installations, which can be custom-designed to integrate with the surrounding architecture, portable Murphy beds may have a more utilitarian appearance. This could be a concern for homeowners who prioritize aesthetics and wish for their Murphy bed to complement the design of the room.
Comparing Permanent and Portable Murphy Bed Installations
When deciding between a permanent or portable wall-mounted Murphy bed, several factors should be considered. These include the intended use, the size and configuration of the room, the permanence of the living situation, and the desired level of customization. Permanent installations offer superior stability, a higher weight capacity, and seamless integration with the room’s design. However, they come with the tradeoff of requiring professional installation and making permanent changes to the space.
On the other hand, portable wall-mounted Murphy beds offer unparalleled flexibility and ease of installation. These units are ideal for renters or individuals who need a space-saving solution without the need for permanent modifications. While portable systems may have slightly reduced weight capacity and a more utilitarian appearance, they offer the ability to relocate the bed to different areas as needed, providing a high level of adaptability.
Multifunctional Sofa Integration Systems
In today’s dynamic living environments, multifunctional furniture plays an essential role in maximizing space without compromising on style or comfort. Among the many innovative solutions, the multifunctional sofa-integrated Murphy bed design stands out as a remarkable achievement in furniture engineering. These integrated systems combine the best of both worlds: a sleek and comfortable sofa that effortlessly transforms into a fully functional bed, providing versatility in spaces where both seating and sleeping areas are needed. This breakthrough design addresses the limitations of traditional sofa beds, offering an enhanced sleeping experience and a seamless integration of functionality and style.
The Evolution of Sofa-Integrated Murphy Beds
Traditional convertible sofas, which double as beds, have long been popular in small apartments and multi-functional spaces. However, the typical sofa bed often comes with compromises, particularly in the quality of sleep it provides. These traditional systems rely on metal frames with thin mattresses, which can create uncomfortable sleeping surfaces. Over time, the mattress sags, and the metal frame becomes prone to squeaking, leading to an overall unpleasant sleeping experience.
The evolution of Murphy bed technology into integrated sofa systems has led to the development of designs that eliminate these issues. Modern sofa-integrated Murphy beds deploy independently from the existing sofa, offering a separate bed frame mechanism that descends over the seating area. This clever approach ensures that the sofa’s structure remains intact while providing the comfort of a real bed, with sturdy frames and a proper mattress. The result is a product that offers both luxury seating and a true sleeping solution in one integrated piece of furniture.
Key Features of Sofa-Integrated Murphy Bed Designs
What makes sofa-integrated Murphy beds so revolutionary is their seamless design and advanced functionality. These systems offer multiple features that enhance the overall user experience, making them ideal for small apartments, guest rooms, or any multi-purpose space. Below are some of the critical elements that set these designs apart:
Independent Bed Mechanism
The most significant advantage of sofa-integrated Murphy bed systems is their independent bed frame mechanism. Unlike traditional sofa beds, where the mattress is contorted into awkward shapes and the frame can be uncomfortable, these modern designs deploy a full bed frame that folds down from a wall-mounted position. This independent system ensures that users get a real bed experience, free from the discomforts associated with folding bed mechanisms.
Space-Saving Design
These Murphy bed systems are engineered with an understanding of space constraints. When not in use, the bed frame folds neatly into the sofa’s structure, taking up minimal space and preserving the room’s functionality during the day. This space-saving design is a game-changer for anyone looking to maximize the use of limited square footage in studio apartments or small living areas.
Comfort and Functionality
The comfort provided by these integrated systems is one of the key features that distinguish them from traditional sofa beds. Sofa-integrated Murphy beds come with high-quality mattresses that offer proper support and comfort, whether you are sitting or lying down. The bed frame is designed to ensure even weight distribution, eliminating the discomfort typically associated with conventional sofa bed metal frames. Users can rest assured that they will have a restful sleep, similar to that provided by a traditional bed.
Easy Transition from Day to Night
With a sofa-integrated Murphy bed, transforming the space from day to night is a simple and quick process. During the day, the system functions as an elegant seating area, ideal for lounging, reading, or entertaining guests. When night falls, the bed can be pulled down with minimal effort, creating a comfortable sleeping area in seconds. The ease of transition is key to the functionality of these systems, making them ideal for spaces that require multi-use furniture.
Aesthetic Appeal
The design of sofa-integrated Murphy beds has evolved to complement contemporary interior styles. These beds feature sleek, modern lines, and materials that blend seamlessly into a variety of room aesthetics. Whether you are working with a minimalist Scandinavian-inspired room or a cozy, transitional design, these systems offer a visually appealing solution that does not sacrifice style for practicality.
Practical Applications in Modern Living
Sofa-integrated Murphy beds are ideal for various living scenarios, particularly in urban environments where space is often at a premium. Their versatility makes them a preferred choice in a variety of settings, including:
Studio Apartments
In small studio apartments, maximizing every square foot is essential. Sofa-integrated Murphy beds provide a dual-purpose solution that saves space while maintaining the functionality of both a seating area and a sleeping area. These systems allow residents to use their space efficiently without the need to dedicate an entire room to a bed or sofa. By day, the space is open and airy, while at night, the sofa quickly transforms into a cozy sleeping area.
Guest Rooms
For guest rooms, especially those that do not get used regularly, a sofa-integrated Murphy bed is a fantastic option. It provides a comfortable sleeping surface for visitors while preserving the room's versatility. The sofa can be used for reading, watching TV, or casual conversations, and when guests arrive, the bed can be pulled out effortlessly. This option is perfect for homeowners who need to maximize their guest room’s functionality without committing to a bulky bed.
Multi-Purpose Spaces
Many homes have rooms that serve multiple functions, such as home offices that double as guest rooms, or living rooms that serve as entertainment spaces. Sofa-integrated Murphy beds are the perfect solution for these kinds of spaces. They allow homeowners to maintain an elegant and functional space during the day, while also providing a comfortable and practical sleeping arrangement at night.
Additional Features of Sofa-Integrated Murphy Beds
To further enhance their functionality, many modern sofa-integrated Murphy bed systems come with a variety of added features that improve both convenience and style:
Built-In Storage Solutions
One of the greatest challenges in small spaces is storage. Many sofa-integrated Murphy bed systems address this need by incorporating built-in storage solutions. For instance, armrests can be designed with hidden compartments for storing blankets, pillows, or other bedding items. Some designs feature drawers or even shelves within the sofa frame, offering additional space for everyday essentials. These integrated storage solutions further streamline the functionality of the space.
Charging Stations and Built-In Lighting
As technology becomes increasingly integrated into our daily lives, many modern Murphy bed designs incorporate built-in charging stations or lighting systems. USB ports and electrical outlets embedded into the armrests or the base of the sofa provide a convenient way to charge devices while relaxing on the sofa or when the bed is in use. Additionally, integrated lighting, such as reading lamps or ambient lighting within the frame, adds an extra layer of comfort and style to the room.
Customization Options
Many manufacturers offer customization options for sofa-integrated Murphy beds, allowing homeowners to choose fabrics, finishes, and colors that match their existing decor. Whether you prefer luxurious velvet or durable leather, you can personalize the bed’s upholstery to fit the room’s aesthetic. Customization allows for a cohesive design that doesn’t compromise on style.
Workspace Integration Through Desk-Mounted Configurations
Professional remote work trends have amplified demand for versatile home office solutions that accommodate both productivity requirements and occasional guest accommodations. Desk-integrated wall-mounted Murphy beds address these needs through innovative designs that seamlessly combine workspace functionality with sleeping capabilities.
These ingenious systems feature desk surfaces that either fold up with bed deployment or slide underneath when sleeping arrangements become necessary. Some configurations incorporate motorized mechanisms that automatically position desk elements during bed activation, preserving workspace organization while enabling rapid transformations.
Comprehensive desk-integrated systems often include supplementary storage solutions such as filing cabinets, bookshelves, or equipment compartments. These additions create complete home office environments that maintain professional appearances while concealing sleeping capabilities until needed. Advanced models incorporate cable management systems, integrated lighting, and ergonomic desk positioning that rivals dedicated office furniture.
When selecting desk-integrated Murphy bed systems, consider workflow requirements, equipment storage needs, and transformation frequency. Models featuring smooth-operating mechanisms and minimal setup requirements prove most practical for regular use scenarios.
Storage Enhancement Through Integrated Shelving Systems
Maximizing spatial utility often requires creative storage solutions that complement wall-mounted Murphy bed installations. Integrated shelving systems transform bed surroundings into comprehensive storage environments while maintaining aesthetic appeal and operational functionality.
Open shelving configurations create visual spaciousness while providing display opportunities for decorative objects, books, or personal collections. These arrangements prove particularly effective in smaller spaces where enclosed storage might create claustrophobic sensations. Strategic placement of attractive objects and proper lighting can transform utilitarian storage into attractive focal points.
Closed storage systems offer concealed organization for personal belongings, linens, or seasonal items. These configurations often feature doors that align perfectly with folded bed positions, creating unified wall appearances when beds remain stored. Interior organization systems within closed storage compartments maximize efficiency while maintaining accessibility.
Combination storage approaches utilize both open and closed elements strategically positioned around Murphy bed installations. This balanced methodology provides display opportunities while maintaining private storage for personal items. Careful attention to proportions and visual balance ensures these comprehensive systems enhance rather than overwhelm room aesthetics.
Advanced storage integration may include specialized compartments for bedding storage, climate-controlled sections for delicate items, or security features for valuable possessions. These premium additions justify investment through enhanced functionality and organizational capabilities.
Comprehensive Wardrobe Integration Solutions
Ultimate space optimization emerges through complete wardrobe integration with wall-mounted Murphy bed systems. These sophisticated arrangements transform entire wall sections into comprehensive storage solutions that conceal sleeping accommodations while providing extensive clothing and accessory organization.
Full-wall wardrobe systems incorporate Murphy bed mechanisms within larger storage frameworks, creating seamless appearances when beds remain folded. These installations often feature floor-to-ceiling configurations that maximize vertical space utilization while maintaining proportional aesthetics suitable for various room sizes.
Internal wardrobe organization systems accommodate diverse clothing types through specialized hanging areas, drawer configurations, and accessory compartments. Proper planning ensures adequate storage for seasonal clothing rotation while maintaining accessibility for daily items. Premium installations may include custom organization elements tailored to specific wardrobe requirements.
Lighting integration within wardrobe systems enhances functionality while creating attractive visual effects. LED strip lighting, motion-activated illumination, or accent lighting can transform practical storage into stunning design features. Proper lighting placement ensures adequate visibility for clothing selection while contributing to overall room ambiance.
Quality wardrobe-integrated Murphy bed systems utilize premium materials and hardware that withstand frequent use while maintaining smooth operation. Investment in superior mechanisms ensures long-term reliability and user satisfaction.
Horizontal Configuration Applications
Traditional vertical Murphy bed orientations may prove unsuitable for spaces with ceiling height limitations or specific dimensional constraints. Horizontal wall-mounted Murphy bed configurations address these challenges through alternative deployment orientations that accommodate diverse architectural situations.
Horizontal systems prove particularly valuable in loft spaces, basement rooms, or areas with sloped ceilings where vertical deployment becomes impractical. These configurations often require greater wall width but minimal ceiling clearance, making them ideal for challenging spatial scenarios.
Loft-style horizontal Murphy beds create sophisticated sleeping solutions in converted spaces or industrial-inspired interiors. These installations often incorporate industrial design elements such as exposed hardware, metal frames, or minimalist aesthetic approaches that complement contemporary urban living environments.
Narrow room applications benefit significantly from horizontal Murphy bed configurations that maximize available width while minimizing depth requirements. These arrangements prove particularly effective in converted spaces, additions, or rooms with unusual proportional characteristics.
Advanced horizontal systems may incorporate automated deployment mechanisms, integrated lighting, or specialized mattress systems designed specifically for horizontal storage orientations. These premium features enhance user experience while maintaining operational simplicity.
Minimalist Design Philosophy Applications
Contemporary minimalist living philosophies emphasize spatial simplicity, reduced clutter, and functional efficiency. Wall-mounted Murphy beds align perfectly with these principles through their ability to eliminate bedroom furniture while maintaining comfort capabilities.
Clean-lined Murphy bed designs feature minimal hardware visibility, neutral color palettes, and streamlined profiles that disappear seamlessly into minimalist interiors. These systems often utilize concealed mounting mechanisms, touch-activated controls, or completely hidden hardware for maximum aesthetic impact.
Minimalist installations frequently incorporate natural materials such as wood veneers, metal accents, or neutral fabrics that complement existing interior elements. Careful material selection ensures Murphy bed installations enhance rather than disrupt established design themes.
Ultra-minimalist configurations may feature completely concealed installations that appear as architectural elements rather than furniture pieces. These sophisticated systems require precise planning and professional installation but create stunning results that exemplify minimalist design principles.
Safety Considerations and Installation Requirements
Professional installation ensures optimal safety and performance for wall-mounted Murphy bed systems. Proper structural assessment determines appropriate mounting methods, weight distribution requirements, and safety mechanism implementations necessary for secure operation.
Structural wall analysis identifies suitable mounting locations that can support dynamic loads created during bed deployment and use. Load-bearing capacity calculations ensure adequate support for extended use scenarios while maintaining safety margins for various user weights and activities.
Safety mechanism verification includes testing locking systems, counterbalance adjustments, and emergency release procedures. These systems prevent accidental closure during use while enabling smooth operation under normal circumstances. Regular maintenance protocols ensure continued safe operation throughout system lifespans.
Child safety considerations require additional precautions such as locking mechanisms that prevent unauthorized operation, safety switches that ensure proper deployment sequences, or parental controls that restrict access when appropriate.
Quality Murphy bed systems incorporate multiple redundant safety features that prevent operation failures even under unusual circumstances. These mechanisms justify premium pricing through enhanced user confidence and long-term reliability.
Maintenance and Operational Longevity
Proper maintenance protocols ensure optimal performance and extended operational lifespans for wall-mounted Murphy bed systems. Regular attention to mechanical components, hardware conditions, and operational procedures maintains smooth functionality while preventing premature wear.
Lubrication schedules for moving components such as hinges, springs, and deployment mechanisms prevent friction-related wear while ensuring smooth operation. Quality lubricants specifically designed for furniture mechanisms provide optimal protection without attracting dust or debris that could impair function.
Hardware inspection procedures identify potential issues before they affect operation or safety. Regular examination of mounting bolts, frame connections, and safety mechanisms ensures continued secure operation while enabling proactive maintenance that prevents costly repairs.
Mattress care specific to Murphy bed applications includes proper storage procedures, rotation schedules, and replacement timing that accounts for unique storage stresses. Quality mattresses designed specifically for Murphy bed applications provide optimal comfort while withstanding repeated folding cycles.
Professional service intervals ensure complex mechanical systems receive expert attention that maintains warranty coverage while optimizing performance. Qualified technicians can identify potential issues, perform preventive maintenance, and recommend upgrades that enhance system capabilities.
Size Variations and Spatial Requirements
Contemporary Murphy bed manufacturers offer comprehensive size ranges accommodating diverse spatial requirements and user preferences. Standard configurations include twin, full, queen, and king sizes, each requiring specific spatial clearances and structural support considerations.
Twin-size configurations prove ideal for single occupancy guest rooms, children's bedrooms, or compact studio apartments where space limitations preclude larger installations. These systems require minimal wall space while providing comfortable sleeping accommodations for individuals.
Queen-size Murphy beds represent popular choices for guest rooms, master bedrooms, or multipurpose spaces requiring comfortable accommodations for couples. These installations balance spatial efficiency with comfort capabilities that satisfy most user requirements.
King-size wall-mounted Murphy beds provide luxurious sleeping experiences in spaces where maximum comfort takes precedence over spatial conservation. These substantial installations require significant wall space and robust structural support but deliver premium comfort experiences.
Custom sizing options accommodate unique spatial situations or specific user requirements that standard sizes cannot address. These specialized installations often command premium pricing but provide perfect solutions for challenging spaces or particular comfort preferences.
Weight Capacity and Structural Considerations
Professional-grade wall-mounted Murphy bed systems typically support weight capacities ranging from 400 to 450 kilograms when properly installed and distributed. These specifications accommodate multiple occupants along with bedding, pillows, and reasonable personal items without exceeding design limits.
Weight distribution principles ensure optimal performance by spreading loads evenly across supporting structures. Proper mattress selection and bedding arrangements contribute to even weight distribution while preventing stress concentration that could damage mechanisms or mounting systems.
Structural mounting requirements vary significantly based on wall construction materials, mounting locations, and specific Murphy bed designs. Professional assessment ensures adequate support capacity while identifying any structural reinforcement needs before installation begins.
Dynamic load considerations account for movement, repositioning, and activity that occurs during normal bed use. These calculations ensure mounting systems can accommodate realistic use patterns without compromising safety or operational reliability.
Overloading prevention systems incorporated into quality Murphy bed designs provide automatic protection against excessive weight application. These mechanisms may include weight sensors, automatic locking systems, or visual indicators that warn users of approaching capacity limits.
Cost Analysis and Investment Considerations
Wall-mounted Murphy bed investments vary considerably based on size specifications, installation complexity, integration features, and quality levels. Entry-level systems provide basic functionality at accessible price points, while premium installations offer comprehensive features and superior build quality.
Installation costs depend heavily on structural requirements, electrical integration needs, and professional service requirements. Complex installations requiring structural modifications or extensive integration work command higher pricing but deliver corresponding value through enhanced functionality.
Long-term value considerations include operational longevity, maintenance requirements, and spatial efficiency benefits. Quality Murphy bed systems provide decades of reliable service while enabling space utilization that may justify premium pricing through enhanced living capabilities.
Comparison shopping requires careful evaluation of included features, warranty coverage, and professional support availability. Reputable manufacturers provide comprehensive support throughout product lifespans while offering upgrade possibilities that extend system capabilities.
Financing options often available for premium Murphy bed installations enable access to superior systems while spreading costs over manageable timeframes. These arrangements prove particularly attractive for comprehensive installations that transform entire living spaces.
